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Berberis vulgaris, also known as common barberry,[3] European barberry or simply barberry, is a shrub in the genus Berberis native to the Old World. It produces edible but sharply acidic berries, which people in many countries eat as a tart and refreshing fruit.

Barberry
Berberis vulgaris[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Berberidaceae
Genus: Berberis
Species:
B. vulgaris
Binomial name
Berberis vulgaris
Synonyms[2]
List
  • Berberis abortiva P.Renault
  • Berberis acida Gilib.
  • Berberis aethnensis Bourg. ex Willk. & Lange
  • Berberis alba Poit. & Turpin
  • Berberis angulizans G.Nicholson
  • Berberis apyrena K.Koch
  • Berberis arborescens K.Koch
  • Berberis articulata Loisel.
  • Berberis asperma Poit. & Turpin
  • Berberis aurea Tausch
  • Berberis bigelovii Schrad.
  • Berberis corallina G.Nicholson
  • Berberis dentata Tausch
  • Berberis dentata var. capitata Tausch
  • Berberis dulcis K.Koch
  • Berberis dumetorum Gouan
  • Berberis edulis K.Koch
  • Berberis elongata G.Nicholson
  • Berberis globularis G.Nicholson
  • Berberis hakodate Dippel
  • Berberis heterophylla K.Koch
  • Berberis iberica Sweet
  • Berberis innominata Kielm.
  • Berberis irritabilis Salisb.
  • Berberis jacquinii K.Koch
  • Berberis latifolia Poit. & Turpin
  • Berberis marginata K.Koch
  • Berberis maxima G.Nicholson
  • Berberis maximowiczii Regel
  • Berberis microphylla F.Dietr.
  • Berberis mitis Schrad.
  • Berberis nepalensis K.Koch
  • Berberis nitens Schrad.
  • Berberis obovata Schrad.
  • Berberis orientalis C.K.Schneid.
  • Berberis pangharengensis G.Nicholson
  • Berberis pauciflora Salisb.
  • Berberis racemosa Stokes
  • Berberis rubra Poit. & Turpin
  • Berberis sanguinea K.Koch
  • Berberis sanguinolenta K.Koch
  • Berberis sibirica Schult. & Schult.f.
  • Berberis sieboldii Dippel
  • Berberis sylvestris Poit. & Turpin
  • Berberis violacea Poit. & Turpin

Description


It is a deciduous shrub growing up to 4 metres (13 feet) high. The leaves are small oval, 2–5 centimetres (34–2 inches) long and 1–2 centimetres (1234 in) broad, with a serrated margin; they are borne in clusters of 2–5 together, subtended by a three-branched spine 3–8 millimetres (18516 in) long. The flowers are yellow, 4–6 mm (1814 in) across, produced on 3–6 cm (1+182+38 in) long panicles in late spring. The fruit is an oblong red berry 7–10 mm (1438 in) long and 3–5 mm (18316 in) broad, ripening in late summer or autumn.


Distribution and habitat


The shrub is native to central and southern Europe, northwest Africa and western Asia;[4] it is also naturalised in northern Europe, including the British Isles and Scandinavia, and North America. In the United States and Canada, it has become established in the wild over an area from Nova Scotia to Nebraska, with additional populations in Colorado, Idaho, Washington state, Montana, and British Columbia.[5] It is also cultivated in many countries.


Ecology


The berries are an important food for many small birds, which disperse the seeds in their droppings.

B. vulgaris is the alternate host species of the wheat stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici), a grass-infecting rust fungus that is a serious fungal disease of wheat and related grains. For this reason, cultivation of B. vulgaris is prohibited in Canada[6] and some areas of the US (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Hampshire).[3]


Uses


Dried barberries
Dried barberries

The edible berries,[7] though rich in vitamin C, have a very sharp or sour flavor and are not widely consumed because the thorny shrubs make them difficult to harvest.

In Europe, the berries have been traditionally used as an ingredient in making jam. The berries are high in pectin which makes the jam congeal as it cools after having been boiled. In southwestern Asia, especially Iran, the berries are used for cooking, as well as for jam-making. In Iran, barberries are commonly used as a currant in rice pilaf.

زرشک zerešk is the Persian name for the dried fruit of Berberis spp., particularly also that of Berberis integerrima called زرشک بی‌دانه zerešk bi-dâne, literally 'seedless barberry',[8] which is widely cultivated in Iran. Iran is the largest producer of zerešk.

The South Khorasan province in Iran is the main area of zerešk and saffron production in the world, especially around Birjand and Qaen. About 85% of production is in Qaen and about 15% in Birjand. There is evidence of cultivation of seedless barberry in South Khorasan two hundred years ago.[9] A garden of zerešk is called زرشکستان zerešk-estân. Zerešk is widely used in cooking, imparting a tart flavor to chicken dishes. It is usually cooked with rice, called زرشک پلو zerešk polo, and provides a meal with chicken.

Barberry hedge in early spring in Croatia
Barberry hedge in early spring in Croatia

Other uses


The plant has been widely cultivated for hedges in New Zealand.[10]

Salishan people have used "barberry" to treat acne in their traditional medicine, although bark of the native Berberis aquifolium (Oregon grape) and other related species was used.[11] [12] Native American Indians used the roots or berries as a general herbal tonic to stimulate appetite.[13] A decoction of the plant has been used as a folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal ailments and coughs,[14] although its use has been limited due to the bitter taste of the bark and root.[15][16]


See also



References


  1. 1885 illustration from Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany
  2. The Plant List
  3. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Berberis vulgaris". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  4. Altervista Flora Italiana, Crespino comune, Sowberry, Common Barberry, vinettier, espino cambrón, Sauerdorn, Berberis vulgaris L. includes photos, drawings, and European distribution map
  5. Flora of North America vol 3
  6. "D-01-04: Plant protection import and domestic movement requirements for barberry (Berberis, Mahoberberis and Mahonia spp.) under the Canadian Barberry Certification Program". 3 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  7. Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  8. Alemardan, Ali; Asadi, Wahab; Rezaei, Mehdi; Tabrizi, Leila; Mohammadi, Siavash (2013). "Cultivation of Iranian seedless barberry (Berberis integerrima 'Bidaneh'): A medicinal shrub". Industrial Crops and Products. 50: 276–87. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.07.061.
  9. Tehranifar, A. (2003). "Barberry Growing in Iran". In Lee, J-M.; Zhang, D. (eds.). XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Asian Plants with Unique Horticultural Potential: Genetic Resources, Cultural Practices, and Utilization. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 620. pp. 193–5. ISBN 978-90-66054-00-4.
  10. Popay, Ian; Champion, Paul; James, Trevor, eds. (2010). "Berberis glaucocarpa barberry". An Illustrated Guide to Common Weeds of New Zealand (3rd ed.). Christchurch: New Zealand Plant Protection Society. ISBN 978-0-473-16285-6.[page needed]
  11. Turner, NJ; Hebda, RJ (1990). "Contemporary use of bark for medicine by two Salishan native elders of southeast Vancouver Island, Canada". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 29 (1): 59–72. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90098-e. PMID 2345461.
  12. "Berberis aquifolium Pursh | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".
  13. Foster, S; Tyler, VE (1999). Tyler's Honest Herbal (4th ed.). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press. ISBN 9781136745010.
  14. Schauenberg, P; Paris, F (1977). Guide to Medicinal Plants. New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, Inc.
  15. Duke, JA (1985). Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
  16. Hartwell, JL (1971). "Plants used against cancer. A survey". Lloydia. 34 (4): 386–425. PMID 5173435.



На других языках


- [en] Berberis vulgaris

[es] Berberis vulgaris

Berberis vulgaris es una especie de vegetal de porte arbustivo perteneciente a la familia de las berberidáceas. Esta planta, que puede alcanzar hasta 3 metros de altura, se desarrolla en terrenos calizos abiertos entre los 300 y los 800 metros sobre el nivel del mar de Europa central y meridional, Asia occidental y norte de África.

[fr] Épine-vinette

Le vinettier ou l’épine-vinette (berberis vulgaris) est une espèce d'arbustes de la famille des berbéridacées. En France, à partir du XIXe siècle, l'épine-vinette a été fréquemment éradiquée car c'est un hôte intermédiaire dans le cycle de la rouille noire du blé, un champignon pathogène des céréales. Cependant elle reste présente dans les zones de coteaux calcaires d'une grande moitié nord de la France[1].

[ru] Барбарис обыкновенный

Барбари́с обыкнове́нный (лат. Bérberis vulgáris) — кустарники, вид рода Барбарис (Berberis) семейства Барбарисовые (Berberidaceae).



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