bio.wikisort.org - Plant

Borage (/ˈbʌrɪdʒ/ (listen)[1] or /ˈbɒrɪdʒ/;[2] Borago officinalis), also known as starflower, is an annual herb in the flowering plant family Boraginaceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region, and has naturalized in many other locales.[3]

Borage
Borage flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Boraginales
Family:	Boraginaceae
Genus:	Borago
Species:	B. officinalis
Binomial name
Borago officinalis L.
Synonyms
Synonymy Borago advena Gilib. Borago aspera Gilib. Borago hortensis L.

It grows satisfactorily in gardens in most of Europe, such as Denmark, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, remaining in the garden from year to year by self-seeding. The leaves are edible and the plant is grown in gardens for that purpose in some parts of Europe.

The plant is also commercially cultivated for borage seed oil extracted from its seeds.

The plant contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, some of which are hepatotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic (see below under Phytochemistry).

Description

B. officinalis grows to a height of 60–100 cm (2 ft 0 in – 3 ft 3 in), and is bristly or hairy all over the stems and leaves; the leaves are alternate, simple, and 5–15 cm (2–6 in) long.

The flowers are complete, perfect with five narrow, triangular-pointed petals. Flowers are most often blue, although pink flowers are sometimes observed. White-flowered types are also cultivated. The blue flower is genetically dominant over the white flower.[4]

The flowers arise along scorpioid cymes to form large floral displays with multiple flowers blooming simultaneously, suggesting that borage has a high degree of geitonogamy (intraplant pollination).[4]

It has an indeterminate growth habit, which may lead to prolific spreading. In temperate climates such as in the UK, its flowering season is relatively long, from June to September. In milder climates, borage blooms continuously for most of the year.

Characteristics and uses

Traditionally, borage was cultivated for culinary and medicinal uses, although today, commercial cultivation is mainly as an oilseed.

Borage is used as either a fresh vegetable or a dried herb. As a fresh vegetable, borage, with a cucumber-like taste, is often used in salads or as a garnish.[5]

The flower has a sweet, honey-like taste and is often used to decorate desserts and cocktails,[5] most commonly, frozen in ice cubes.[6]

Food

Vegetable use of borage is common in Germany, in the Spanish regions of Aragón and Navarre, on the Greek island of Crete, and in the northern Italian region of Liguria.

Although often used in soups, one of the better known German borage recipes is the Frankfurt speciality grüne Soße ("green sauce").

In Liguria, Italy, borage (in Italian, borragine) is commonly used as a filling of the traditional pasta ravioli and pansoti.[7]

It is used to flavour pickled gherkins in Poland[8] and Russia.[9]

The flowers produce copious nectar[10] which is used by honeybees to make a light and delicate honey.[11]

Beverage

Borage is traditionally used as a garnish in the Pimms Cup cocktail,[5] but is nowadays often replaced by a long sliver of cucumber peel or by mint. It is also one of the key botanicals in Gilpin's Westmorland Extra Dry Gin.

In Persian cuisine, borage tea (using the dried purple flowers) is called گل گاوزبان : gol gâvzabân, "cow's-tongue-flower".[12]

Phytochemistry

The seeds contain 26–38% of borage seed oil, of which 17–28% is gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, an Omega-6 oil), the richest known source.[13]

The oil also contains the fatty acids palmitic acid (10–11%), stearic acid (3.5–4.5%), oleic acid (16–20%), linoleic acid (35–38%), eicosenoic acid (3.5–5.5%), erucic acid (1.5–3.5%), and nervonic acid (1.5%).

The oil is often marketed as "starflower oil" or "borage oil" for use as a GLA supplement, although healthy adults typically produce ample GLA from dietary linoleic acid.

The leaves contain small amounts (2–10 ppm of dried herb) of the liver-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) intermedine, lycopsamine, amabiline, and supinine and the nontoxic saturated PA thesinine.[14] PAs are also present in borage seed oil, but may be removed by processing.[15][16][17][18][19][20]

The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment has advised that honey from borage contains PAs, transferred to the honey through pollen collected at borage plants, and advise that commercial honey production could select for raw honey with limited PA content to prevent contamination.[21]

Herbal medicine

Traditionally, Borago officinalis has been used in hyperactive gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders,[22] such as gastrointestinal (colic, cramps, diarrhea), airways (asthma, bronchitis), cardiovascular, (cardiotonic, antihypertensive and blood purifier), urinary (diuretic and kidney/bladder disorders).[23]

One case of status epilepticus has been reported that was associated with borage oil ingestion.[24]

A methanol extract of borage has shown strong amoebicidal activity in vitro. The 50% inhibitory concentration (LD₅₀) of the extract against Entamoeba histolytica was 33 µg/mLl.[25]

In history

Pliny the Elder and Dioscorides said that borage was the nepenthe (νηπενθές : nēpenthés) mentioned in Homer, which caused forgetfulness when mixed with wine.[26]

Francis Bacon thought that borage had "an excellent spirit to repress the fuliginous vapour of dusky melancholie."[26]

John Gerard's Herball mentions an old verse concerning the plant: "Ego Borago, Gaudia semper ago (I, Borage, bring always joys)". He asserts:

Those of our time do use the flowers in salads to exhilerate and make the mind glad. There be also many things made of these used everywhere for the comfort of the heart, for the driving away of sorrow and increasing the joy of the mind. The leaves and flowers of Borage put into wine make men and women glad and merry and drive away all sadness, dullness and melancholy, as Dioscorides and Pliny affirm. Syrup made of the flowers of Borage comfort the heart, purge melancholy and quiet the frantic and lunatic person. The leaves eaten raw engender good blood, especially in those that have been lately sick.[26]

Companion planting

Borage is used in companion planting.[27] It is said to protect or nurse legumes, spinach, brassicas, and even strawberries.[28] It is also said to be a good companion plant to tomatoes because it confuses the mother moths of tomato hornworms or manduca looking for a place to lay their eggs.[29] Claims that it improves tomato growth[30] and makes them taste better[29] remain unsubstantiated.

See also

• List of companion plants

References

External links

https://persianmama.com/chai-gol-gavzaban-brewed-borage-tea/

https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/557179785128125722/

• "Borage" . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
• "Borage". MissouriBotanicalGarden.org.

На других языках

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- [en] Borage

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[es] Borago officinalis

Borago officinalis, la borraja, es una especie fanerógama perteneciente a la familia de las boragináceas, nativa de las regiones Eurosiberiana y Mediterránea (S de Europa). Es empleada tradicionalmente en la gastronomía de algunas partes de España, en concreto en Aragón, La Rioja, Navarra y Valle del Ebro, en Europa, en Grecia es plato habitual como entrante y se utiliza también en Liguria (Italia), el Midi (Francia) y Baden-Württemberg (Alemania).

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[ru] Огуречная трава

Огуре́чная трава[2], или Подогуре́чник, или Огуре́чник, или Бура́чник[3] (лат. Borágo) — род цветковых растений семейства Бурачниковые (Boraginaceae). Иногда род признают монотипным с единственным видом — бурачник лека́рственный (лат. Borago officinális), однолетним травянистым растением[2]. По другим сведениям, согласно данным сайта The Plant List, род включает пять видов[4].mw-parser-output .ts-Переход img{margin-left:.285714em}.

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