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Angelica archangelica, commonly known as garden angelica, wild celery, and Norwegian angelica, is a biennial plant from the family Apiaceae, a subspecies of which is cultivated for its sweetly scented edible stems and roots. Like several other species in Apiaceae, its appearance is similar to several poisonous species (Conium, Heracleum, and others), and should not be consumed unless it has been identified with absolute certainty. Synonyms include Archangelica officinalis Hoffm. and Angelica officinalis Moench.[3]

Garden angelica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Apiaceae
Genus:	Angelica
Species:	A. archangelica
Binomial name
Angelica archangelica L.[1]
Synonyms[2]
Angelica commutata (C.A.Mey. ex Rupr.) M.Hiroe Angelica discocarpa (Fr.) M.Hiroe Angelica intermedia Schult. ex Steud. Angelica norwegica (Rupr.) Nyman Angelica officinalis Moench Angelica procera Salisb. Angelica sativa Mill. Archangelica commutata C.A.Mey. ex Rupr. Archangelica discocarpa Fr. Archangelica littoralis C.Agardh ex DC. Archangelica norwegica Rupr. Archangelica officinalis Hoffm. Archangelica officinalis subsp. littoralis (C.Agardh ex DC.) Dostál Archangelica officinalis monstr. phyllomana Lange Archangelica sativa (Mill.) Besser Archangelica slavica G.Reuss Archangelica spuria Wahlenb. Ligusticum angelica Stokes Selinum archangelica (L.) Vest

Description and distribution

During its first year, it grows only leaves, but during its second year, its fluted stem can reach a height of 2.5 meters (just over 8 feet), and the root is used in flavoring preparations. Its leaves consist of numerous small leaflets divided into three principal groups, each of which is again subdivided into three lesser groups. The edges of the leaflets are finely toothed or serrated. The flowers, which blossom in July, are small and numerous, yellowish or greenish, are grouped into large, globular umbels that bear pale yellow, oblong fruits. Angelica grows only in damp soil, preferably near rivers or deposits of water.

Angelica archangelica grows wild in Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland, mostly in the northern parts of the countries. It is cultivated in France, mainly in the Marais Poitevin, a marsh region close to Niort in the department Deux-Sèvres. Commercially available angelica is often sourced from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Germany and Poland.[4]

Use and history

From the 10th century on, angelica was cultivated as a vegetable and medicinal plant,[5] and achieved popularity in Scandinavia in the 12th century and is used especially in Sámi culture. It was once used as an herb in Sámi cooking, and known as kvanne.[6]

It is used to flavor liqueurs or aquavits, (e.g., Chartreuse, Bénédictine, Vermouth, and Dubonnet), omelettes and trout, and as jam. The long bright-green stems are also candied and used as food decoration. Angelica is unique among the Umbelliferae for its pervading aromatic odor, a pleasant perfume entirely different from fennel, parsley, anise, caraway, or chervil.[7] It has been compared to musk and to juniper. Angelica archangelica roots are among the most common botanicals used in gin distillation, often used in concert with juniper berries and coriander as a chief aromatic characteristic for gin.[8] They are also used in absinthes, aquavits, and bitters, in addition to culinary uses such as jams and omelettes.[9] The hollow stems of Angelica archangelica may be eaten. The stems are picked clean of their leaves, crystallized in sugar syrup and colored green as cake decoration or as candy.[10]

Chemical composition

The essential oil content of angelica root varies based on the age of the roots. Generally, the roots have high levels of terpenes, including α-pinene and β-phellandrene.[11] Studies have found upwards of over eighty different aroma compounds present in samples. Of particular interest to perfumers and aroma chemists is cyclopentadecanolide, which although present in small quantities (< 1% in roots, <.5% in seeds), gives angelica root a distinctive musky aroma.[9][12] The roots are generally preferred for culinary and aroma uses.[9]

Angelica seeds have a similar chemical composition to the roots, including α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, myrcene, β-phellandrene, limonene, caryophyllene, borneol, carvone and others.[11]

Both the seeds and roots contain coumarins and furocoumarins. Among these are 2′-angeloyl-3′-isovaleryl vaginate, archangelicin, oxypeucedanin hydrate, bergapten, byakangelicin angelate, imperatorin, isoimperatorin, isopimpinellin, 8-[2-(3-methylbutroxy)-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy]psoralen, osthol, ostruthol, oxypeucedanin, phellopterin, psoralen and xanthotoxin, can be isolated from a chloroform extract of the roots of A. archangelica[13] as well as several heraclenol derivatives.[14] The water root extract of A. archangelica subsp. litoralis contains adenosine, coniferin, the two dihydrofurocoumarin glycosides apterin and 1′-O-β-d-glycopyranosyl-(S)-marmesin (marmesinin), 1′-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(2S, 3R)-3-hydroxymarmesin and 2′-β-d-glucopyranosyloxymarmesin.[15]

Etymology

Angelica is the Latin feminine name implying "angel-like" from the mid-16th century, probably named for the plant due to its scent.[16] Archangelica derives from "an angel of the highest order," an Old French term in the late (12th century), or from the Greek word "arkhangelos" ("chief angel").[16]

See also

• Heracleum persicum (golpar)
• Angelicin

References

Further reading

• Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.

External links

• eFloras: Angelica archangelica
• Angelica archangelica List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)

На других языках

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- [en] Angelica archangelica

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[es] Angelica archangelica

La angélica (Angelica archangelica L., sin. Archangelica officinalis Hoffm., Archangelica officinalis var. himalaica C.B.Clarke), es una planta denominada así por ser creencia popular que es un regalo del arcángel Gabriel debido a sus propiedades medicinales. Se denomina también como "hierba del Espíritu Santo".

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[it] Angelica archangelica

L'angelica (Angelica archangelica L.) è una pianta biennale della famiglia delle Apiaceae (Ombrellifere).

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[ru] Дягиль лекарственный

Дя́гиль[3], или Дя́гиль лека́рственный, или Ду́дник лека́рственный (лат. Angélica archangélica, или Archangélica officinális) — травянистое растение из рода Дудник (Angelica), или Дягиль (Archangelica) семейства Зонтичные (Apiaceae). Родиной растения считают север Евразии, произрастает почти на всей территории Европы и в Западной Сибири. Широко применяется как пряно-ароматическое и лекарственное растение, выращивают растение и как декоративное.

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