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Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes or megabats, are the 197 species of bats that make up the suborder Megachiroptera, found throughout the tropics of Africa, Asia, and Oceania, of which 186 are extant. The suborder is part of the order Chiroptera (bats), and contains a single family, Pteropodidae. The family is divided into between two and six subfamilies, with recent phylogenetic analysis suggesting a different classification structure of the known species than before. Bats have been traditionally thought to be a monophyletic group; according to this model, all living fruit bats and microbats (Microchiroptera) are descendants of a common ancestor species that was already capable of flight.[3]

Chiroptera
Yinpterochiroptera

Pteropodidae

Rhinolophidae

Hipposideridae

Megadermatidae

Craseonycteridae

Rhinopomatidae

Yangochiroptera

Cladogram showing the position of Pteropodidae (fruit bats) within Yinpterochiroptera[1][2]

However, there are alternate hypotheses which conclude that bats are polyphyletic. The flying primate hypothesis was created in the 1980s stating that, based on morphological evidence, the Megachiroptera evolved flight separately from the Microchiroptera, although genetic evidence supports the monophyly of bats. This model states that fruit bats and primates share several anatomical features not seen in microbats, and are thus more closely related; for example, their brains show a number of advanced characteristics that link them to primates.[4][5]

The Yinpterochiroptera is a proposed suborder of the Chiroptera based on molecular evidence consisting of the fruit bats and five other microbat families: Rhinopomatidae, Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Craseonycteridae, and Megadermatidae. This model also challenges the view that the Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera are monophyletic. The other suborder consisting of the other bat species would be the Yangochiroptera.[1][2]


Conventions


IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (4 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (8 species)
 EN Endangered (15 species)
 VU Vulnerable (40 species)
 NT Near threatened (13 species)
 LC Least concern (88 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (22 species)
 NE Not evaluated (2 species)

Conservation statuses listed for each species follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Species considered valid are also based on the Red List of Threatened Species unless noted otherwise in a super-scripted note. The symbol indicates that the species's population trend is positive, the symbol indicates that the species's population trend is negative, the symbol indicates that the species's population is stable, and the ? symbol indicates that the species's population trend is unknown. Population trends are based on the Red List of Threatened Species. The super-scripted "IUCN" tag is a link to that species's Red List of Threatened Species page. If a species has taxonomic synonyms, a list of these is provided in the "Scientific name" column, underneath the binomial name and author, based on the book Mammal Species of the World. If a species has subspecies, a list of these is provided in the "Common name" column, underneath the common name, also based upon Mammal Species of the World.


Classification


There are between two and six recognized subfamilies of fruit bats according to various authors: Cynopterinae, Epomophorinae, Harpionycterinae, Nyctimeninae, Macroglossinae, Rousettinae, and Pteropodinae. However, the relationships among fruit bats are not resolved. According to phylogenetic analysis, the Macroglossinae and Pteropodinae are not monophyletic, and possibly also the Cynopterinae and the Epomophorinae.[6] A new clade consisting solely of African fruit bats is supported by phylogenetic analysis, which will consist of 12 genera currently placed in several different subfamilies.[7] Conversely, there may have been at least three separate colonization events of Africa by fruit bats.[8] There is also controversy regarding the Southeast Asian fruit bats.[6] Listed here are 45 genera and 197 species. Of these, the IUCN classifies 88 species as least concern, 13 as near threatened, 40 as vulnerable, 15 as endangered, eight as critically endangered, four as recently extinct, and 22 as data deficient. Seven species listed here are not evaluated. The population trends of 78 species are decreasing, 40 are stable, three are increasing, and 65 are unknown.


Subfamily Pteropodinae



Tribe Pteropodini


Tribe Pteropodini – 5 genera, 73 species
Genus Pteropus Brisson, 1762 – 65 species
Synonyms:[10]
    • Desmalopex
      Miller, 1907
    • Eunycteris
      Gray, 1866
    • Pselaphon
      Gray, 1870
    • Sericonycteris
      Matschie, 1899
    • Spectrum
      Lacépède, 1799
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Little red flying fox P. scapulatus
Peters, 1862
Synonyms:[11]
    • P. elseyi
      Peters, 1862
aLC IUCN ?
Native in blue, vagrant in brown
Mariana fruit bat

Subspecies:[12]
    • P. m. mariannus
      Desmarest, 1822
    • P. m. paganensis
      Yamashima, 1932
    • P. m. ulthiensis
      Yamashima, 1932
P. mariannus
Desmarest, 1822
dEN IUCN
Large flying fox

Subspecies:[13]
    • P. v. vampyrus
      Linnaeus, 1758
    • P. v. edulis
      Geoffroy, 1810
    • P. v. lanensis
      Mearns, 1905
    • P. v. natunae
      Andersen, 1908
    • P. v. pluton
      Temminck, 1837
    • P. v. sumatrensis
      Ludeking, 1862
P. vampyrus
Linnaeus, 1758
bNT IUCN
Ryukyu flying fox

Subspecies:[14]
    • P. d. dasymallus
      Temminck, 1825
    • P. d. daitonensis
      Kuroda, 1921
    • P. d. formosus
      Sclater, 1873
    • P. d. inopinatus
      Kuroda, 1933
    • P. d. yayeyamae
      Kuroda, 1933
P. dasymallus
Temminck, 1825
cVU IUCN
Admiralty flying fox

Subspecies:[10]
    • P. a. admiralitatum
      Thomas, 1887
    • P. a. colonus
      Andersen, 1908
    • P. a. goweri
      Tate, 1934
    • P. a. solomonis
      Thomas, 1904
P. admiralitatum
Thomas, 1894
aLC IUCN ?
Aldabra flying fox P. aldabrensis
True, 1893
cVU IUCN
Black flying fox

Subspecies:[15]
    • P. a. alecto
      Temminck, 1837
    • P. a. aterrimus
      Matschie, 1899
    • P. a. gouldi
      Peters, 1867
    • P. a. morio
      Andersen, 1908
P. alecto
Temminck, 1837
aLC IUCN ?
Vanuatu flying fox

Subspecies:[15]
    • P. a. anetianus
      Gray, 1870
    • P. a. aorensis
      Lawrence, 1945
    • P. a. bakeri
      Thomas, 1904
    • P. a. banksiana
      Sanborn, 1930
    • P. a. eotinus
      Andersen, 1913
    • P. a. motalavae
      Felten and Kock, 1972
    • P. a. pastoris
      Felten and Kock, 1972
P. anetianus
Gray, 1870
cVU IUCN
Aru flying fox P. aruensis
Peters, 1867
Synonyms:[15]
    • P. fumigatus
      von Rosenberg, 1867
    • P. rubiginosus
      von Rosenberg, 1867
eCR IUCN[lower-alpha 1]
Torresian flying fox Pteropus banakrisi[lower-alpha 2]
Richards and Hall, 2002
iNE
Dusky flying fox P. brunneus
Dobson, 1878
gEX IUCN Formerly Percy Island in Queensland, Australia, until the 19th or 20th century
Ashy-headed flying fox

Subspecies:[15]
    • P. c. caniceps
      Gray, 1870
    • P. c. dobsoni
      Andersen, 1908
P. caniceps
Gray, 1870
cVU IUCN
Bismarck masked flying fox

Subspecies:[15]
    • P. c. capistratus
      Peters, 1866
    • P. c. ennisae
      Flannery and White, 1991
P. capistratus
Peters, 1866
bNT IUCN
Native range in green, vagrant range in brown
Moluccan flying fox P. chrysoproctus[lower-alpha 3]
Temminck, 1837
cVU IUCN
Makira flying fox P. cognatus
Andersen, 1908
cVU IUCN
Spectacled flying fox

Subspecies:[15]
    • P. c. conspicillatus
      Gould, 1849
    • P. c. chrysauchen
      Peters, 1862
P. conspicillatus
Gould, 1849
aLC IUCN
Nicobar flying fox P. faunulus
Miller, 1902
cVU IUCN
Banks flying fox P. fundatus
Felten and Kock, 1972
dEN IUCN
Indian flying fox

Subspecies:[18]
    • P. g. giganteus
      Brünnich, 1782
    • P. g. ariel
      Allen, 1908
    • P. g. chinghaiensis
      Wang and Wang, 1962
    • P. g. leucocephalus
      Hodgson, 1835
P. giganteus
Brünnich, 1782
aLC IUCN
Gilliard's flying fox P. gilliardorum
van Deusen, 1969
hDD IUCN ?
Gray flying fox

Subspecies:[19]
    • P. g. griseus
      Geoffroy, 1810
    • P. g. mimus
      Andersen, 1908
    • P. g. pallidus
      Temminck, 1825
P. griseus
Geoffroy, 1810
hDD IUCN ?
Ontong Java flying fox P. howensis
Troughton, 1931
hDD IUCN ?
Small flying fox

Subspecies:[20]
    • P. h. hypomelanus
      Temminck, 1825
    • P. h. annectens
      Andersen, 1908
    • P. h. cagayanus
      Mearns, 1905
    • P. h. canus
      Andersen, 1908
    • P. h. condorensis
      Peters, 1866
    • P. h. enganus
      Miller, 1916
    • P. h. fretensis
      Kloss, 1916
    • P. h. geminorum
      Miller, 1903
    • P. h. lepidus
      Miller, 1900
    • P. h. luteus
      Andersen, 1908
    • P. h. macassaricus
      Heude, 1897
    • P. h. maris
      Allen, 1917
    • P. h. robinsoni
      Andersen, 1908
    • P. h. satyrus
      Andersen, 1908
    • P. h. simalurus
      Thomas, 1923
    • P. h. tomesi
      Peters, 1869
P. hypomelanus
Temminck, 1825
Synonyms:[20]
    • P. vociferous
      Peale, 1848
aLC IUCN
Ruck flying fox

Subspecies:[21]
    • P. i. insularis
      Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842
    • P. i. phaeocephalus
      Thomas, 1882
Pteropus insularis[lower-alpha 4]
Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842
iNE
Andersen's flying fox P. intermedius
Andersen, 1908
hDD IUCN ?
Kei flying fox P. keyensis
Peters, 1867
hDD IUCN ?
Lombok flying fox

Subspecies:[21]
    • P. l. lombocensis
      Dobson, 1889
    • P. l. heudei
      Matschie, 1899
    • P. l. salottii
      Kitchener, 1995
P. lombocensis
Dobson, 1878
hDD IUCN ?
Okinawa flying fox P. loochoensis
Gray, 1870
hDD IUCN ?
Lyle's flying fox P. lylei
Andersen, 1908
cVU IUCN
Big-eared flying fox

Subspecies:[12]
    • P. m. macrotis
      Peters, 1867
    • P. m. epularius
      Ramsay, 1878
P. macrotis
Peters, 1867
aLC IUCN
Lesser flying fox P. mahaganus
Sanborn, 1931
aLC IUCN
Black-bearded flying fox P. melanopogon
Peters, 1867
dEN IUCN
Black-eared flying fox

Subspecies:[24]
    • P. m. melanotus
      Blyth, 1863
    • P. m. modiglianii
      Thomas, 1887
    • P. m. natalis
      Thomas, 1887
    • P. m. niadicus
      Miller, 1906
    • P. m. tytleri
      Dobson, 1874
P. melanotus
Blyth, 1863
cVU IUCN
Range in red, extinct in black
Caroline flying fox P. molossinus
Temminck, 1853
cVU IUCN
Great flying fox

Subspecies:[12]
    • P. n. neohibernicus
      Peters, 1867
    • P. n. hilli
      Felten, 1961
P. neohibernicus
Peters, 1867
aLC IUCN ?
Mauritian flying fox P. niger
Kerr, 1792
Synonyms:[25]
    • P. fuscus
      Geoffroy, 1803
    • P. mauritianus
      Hermann, 1804
    • P. rufus
      Tiedemann, 1808
    • P. pteropus
      Merriam and Brisson, 1895
    • P. vulgaris
      Geoffroy, 1810
cVU IUCN
Temotu flying fox P. nitendiensis
Sanborn, 1930
Synonyms:[25]
    • P. sanctacrucis
      Troughton, 1931
dEN IUCN
Ceram fruit bat P. ocularis
Peters, 1867
Synonyms:[25]
    • P. ceramensis
      Gray, 1871
cVU IUCN
Ornate flying fox

Subspecies:[25]
    • P. o. ornatus
      Gray, 1870
    • P. o. auratus
      Andersen, 1909
P. ornatus
Gray, 1870
cVU IUCN
Pelew flying fox P. pelewensis
Andersen, 1909
bNT IUCN
Masked flying fox P. personatus
Temminck, 1825
aLC IUCN
Large Palau flying fox P. pilosus
Andersen, 1909
gEX IUCN Formerly Palau since 1874
Geelvink Bay flying fox P. pohlei
Stein, 1933
cVU IUCN
Grey-headed flying fox P. poliocephalus
Temminck, 1825
cVU IUCN
Bonin flying fox P. pselaphon
Lay, 1829
Synonyms:[26]
dEN IUCN
Little golden-mantled flying fox P. pumilus
Miller, 1911
Synonyms:[26]
    • P. balutus
      Hollister, 1913
    • P. tablasi
      Taylor, 1934
bNT IUCN
Solomons flying fox

Subspecies:[26]
    • P. r. rayneri
      Gray, 1870
    • P. r. grandis
      Thomas, 1887
    • P. r. lavellanus
      Andersen, 1908
    • P. r. monoensis
      Lawrence, 1945
    • P. r. rubianus
      Andersen, 1908
P. rayneri
Gray, 1870
bNT IUCN
Rennell flying fox P. rennelli
Troughton, 1929
dEN IUCN
Rodrigues flying fox P. rodricensis
Dobson, 1878
Synonyms:[27]
    • P. mascarinus
      Mason, 1907
dEN IUCN
Madagascan flying fox P. rufus
Geoffroy, 1803
Synonyms:[27]
    • P. edwardsi
      Geoffroy, 1810
    • P. phaiops
      Temminck, 1825
    • P. princeps
      Andersen, 1908
cVU IUCN
Samoa flying fox

Subspecies:[11]
    • P. s. samoensis
      Peale, 1848
    • P. s. nawaiensis
      Gray, 1870
P. samoensis
Peale, 1848
bNT IUCN
Seychelles fruit bat

Subspecies:[11]
    • P. s. seychellensis
      Milne-Edwards, 1877
    • P. s. comorensis
      Nicoll, 1908
P. seychellensis
Milne-Edwards, 1877
aLC IUCN
Philippine gray flying fox P. speciosus
Andersen, 1908
Synonyms:[11]
    • P. mearnsi
      Hollister, 1913
hDD IUCN ?
Small Mauritian flying fox P. subniger
Kerr, 1792
Synonyms:[11]
    • P. collaris
      Illiger, 1815
    • P. fuscus
      Desmarest, 1803
    • P. ruber
      Geoffroy, 1803
    • P. rubidum
      Daudin, 1802
    • P. rubricollis
      Geoffroy, 1810
    • P. torquatus
      Fischer, 1814
    • P. vulgaris
      Temminck, 1837
gEX IUCN Formerly Mauritius until 1859
Temminck's flying fox

Subspecies:[13]
    • P. t. temminckii
      Peters, 1867
    • P. t. liops
      Thomas, 1910
P. temminckii
Peters, 1867
cVU IUCN
Guam flying fox P. tokudae
Tate, 1934
gEX IUCN Formerly Guam until 1968
Insular flying fox

Subspecies:[13]
    • P. t. tonganus
      Quoy and Gaimard, 1830
    • P. t. basiliscus
      Thomas, 1915
    • P. t. geddiei
      MacGillivray, 1860
P. tonganus
Quoy and Gaimard, 1830
aLC IUCN
Vanikoro flying fox P. tuberculatus
Peters, 1869
eCR IUCN[lower-alpha 5] ?
Kosrae flying fox P. ualanus
Peters, 1883
Synonyms:[13]
    • P. ualensis
      Finsch, 1881
cVU IUCN
New Caledonia flying fox P. vetulus
Jouan, 1863
Synonyms:[28]
    • P. germaini
      Dobson, 1878
    • P. macmillani
      Tate, 1942
cVU IUCN
Pemba flying fox P. voeltzkowi
Matschie, 1909
cVU IUCN
Dwarf flying fox P. woodfordi
Thomas, 1888
Synonyms:[28]
    • P. austini
      Lawrence, 1945
aLC IUCN
Yap flying fox P. yapensis
Andersen, 1908
cVU IUCN ?
Livingstone's fruit bat P. livingstonii
Gray, 1866
eCR IUCN
Small Samoan flying fox P. allenorum[lower-alpha 6]
Helgen, Helgen, and Wilson, 2009
iNE[lower-alpha 7]
Large Samoan flying fox P. coxi[lower-alpha 8]
Helgen, Helgen, and Wilson, 2009
iNE[lower-alpha 9]
Genus Acerodon Jourdan, 1837 – 5 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Sulawesi flying fox A. celebensis
Peters, 1867
Synonyms:[31]
    • A. arquatus
      Miller and Hollister, 1921
cVU IUCN
Talaud flying fox A. humilis
Andersen, 1909
dEN IUCN
Giant golden-crowned flying fox

Subspecies:[31]
A. jubatus
von Eschscholtz, 1831
dEN IUCN
current range in green, possibly extinct in orange, and extinct in black
Palawan fruit bat

Subspecies:[31]
    • A. l. leucotis
      Sanborn, 1950
    • A. l. obscurus
      Sanborn, 1950
A. leucotis
Sanborn, 1950
cVU IUCN
Sunda flying fox

Subspecies:[31]
    • A. m. mackloti
      Temminck, 1837
    • A. m. alorensis
      Andersen, 1909
    • A. m. floresii
      Gray, 1871
    • A. m. gilvus
      Andersen, 1909
    • A. m. prajae
      Sody, 1936
A. mackloti
Temminck, 1837
cVU IUCN
Genus Pteralopex Thomas, 1888 – 5 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Bougainville monkey-faced bat P. anceps
Andersen, 1909
dEN IUCN
Guadalcanal monkey-faced bat P. atrata
Thomas, 1888
dEN IUCN
Greater monkey-faced bat P. flanneryi[lower-alpha 10]
Helgen, 2005
eCR IUCN
Montane monkey-faced bat P. pulchra
Flannery, 1991
eCR IUCN[lower-alpha 11]
New Georgian monkey-faced bat P. taki
Parnaby, 2002
cVU IUCN
Range in red, extinct in black
Genus Styloctenium Matschie, 1899 – 2 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat S. wallacei
Gray, 1866
bNT IUCN
Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat S. mindorensis
Esselstyn, 2007
hDD IUCN ?
Genus Neopteryx Hayman, 1946 – 1 species
Synonyms:[32]
    • Neoptryx
      Van der Zon, 1979
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Small-toothed fruit bat N. frosti
Hayman, 1946
dEN IUCN

Tribe Macroglossini


Tribe Macroglossini – 2 genera, 5 species
Genus Macroglossus Cuviwer, 1824 – 2 species
Synonyms:[33]
    • Carponycteris
      Lydekker, 1891
    • Kiodotus
      Blyth, 1840
    • Odontonycteris
      Jentink, 1902
    • Rhynchocyon
      Gistel, 1848
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Long-tongued nectar bat

Subspecies:[33]
    • M. m. minimus
      Geoffroy, 1810
    • M. m. booensis
      Kompanje and Moeliker, 2001
    • M. m. lagochilus
      Matschie, 1899
    • M. m. nanus
      Matschie, 1899
M. minimus
Geoffroy, 1810
aLC IUCN
Long-tongued fruit bat

Subspecies:[33]
    • M. s. sobrinus
      Andersen, 1911
    • M. s. fraternus
      Chasen and Kloss, 1928
M. sobrinus
Andersen, 1911
aLC IUCN
Genus Syconycteris Matschie, 1899 – 3 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Common blossom bat

Subspecies:[34]
    • S. a. australis
      Peters, 1867
    • S. a. crassa
      Thomas, 1895
    • S. a. finschi
      Matschie, 1899
    • S. a. keyensis
      Andersen, 1911
    • S. a. major
      Andersen, 1911
    • S. a. naias
      Andersen, 1908
    • S. a. papuana
      Matschie, 1899
S. australis
Peters, 1867
aLC IUCN
Halmahera blossom bat S. carolinae
Rozendaal, 1984
cVU IUCN
Moss-forest blossom bat S. hobbit
Ziegler, 1982
aLC IUCN

Tribe Notopterini


Tribe Notopterini – 4 genera, 8 species
Genus Notopteris Gray, 1859 – 2 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Long-tailed fruit bat N. macdonaldi
Gray, 1859
cVU IUCN
New Caledonia blossom bat N. neocaledonica
Trouessart, 1908
cVU IUCN ?
Genus Melonycteris – 2 subgenera, 3 species Dobson, 1877
Subgenus Melonycteris Dobson, 1877
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Black-bellied fruit bat M. (M.) melanops
Dobson, 1877
Synonyms:[35]
    • M. (M.) alboscapulatus
      Ramsay, 1877
aLC IUCN
Subgenus Nesonycteris Thomas, 1887
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Fardoulis' blossom bat

Subspecies:[35]
    • M. (N.) f. fardoulisi
      Flannery, 1993
    • M. (N.) f. maccoyi
      Flannery, 1993
    • M. (N.) f. mengermani
      Flannery, 1993
    • M. (N.) f. schouteni
      Flannery, 1993
M. (N.) fardoulisi
Flannery, 1993
aLC IUCN
Woodford's fruit bat

Subspecies:[35]
    • M. (N.) w. woodfordi
      Thomas, 1887
    • M. (N.) w. aurantius[lower-alpha 12]
      Phillips, 1966
M. (N.) woodfordi
Thomas, 1887
aLC IUCN ?
Genus Mirimiri Helgen, 2005 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Fijian monkey-faced bat M. acrodonta[lower-alpha 13]
Hill and Beckon, 1978
eCR IUCN
Genus Desmalopex Miller, 1907 – 2 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
White-winged flying fox D. leucopterus[lower-alpha 14]
Temminck, 1825
Synonyms:[21]
    • D. chinensis
      Gray, 1871
aLC IUCN
Small white-winged flying fox D. microleucopterus[lower-alpha 15]
Esselstyn, Harvey, Garcia, Mylanar, Saulog, and Lawrence, 2008
iNE

Subfamily Nyctimeninae


Subfamily Nyctimeninae – 2 genera, 17 species
Genus Nyctimene Rafinesque, 1815 – 15 species
Synonyms:[40]
    • Bdelygma
      Matschie, 1899
    • Cephalotes
      Geoffroy, 1810
    • Gelasinus
      Temminck, 1837
    • Harpyia
      Illiger, 1811
    • Uronycteris
      Gray, 1863
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Broad-striped tube-nosed fruit bat N. aello
Thomas, 1900
Synonyms:[40]
    • N. celaeno
      Thomas, 1922
aLC IUCN
Common tube-nosed fruit bat

Subspecies:[40]
    • N. a. albiventer
      Gray, 1862
    • N. a. papuanus
      Andersen, 1910
N. albiventer
Gray, 1862
aLC IUCN
Pallas's tube-nosed bat

Subspecies:[40]
    • N. c. cephalotes
      Pallas, 1767
    • N. c. aplini
      Kitchener, 1995
N. cephalotes
Pallas, 1767
aLC IUCN ?
range in green, possibly extinct in orange
Mountain tube-nosed fruit bat N. certans
Andersen, 1912
aLC IUCN
Round-eared tube-nosed fruit bat N. cyclotis
Andersen, 1910
hDD IUCN ?
Dragon tube-nosed fruit bat N. draconilla
Thomas, 1922
hDD IUCN ?
Keast's tube-nosed fruit bat

Subspecies:[41]
    • N. k. keasti
      Kitchener, 1993
    • N. k. babari
      Bergmans, 2001
    • N. k. tozeri
      Kitchener, 1995
N. keasti
Kitchener, 1993
cVU IUCN
Island tube-nosed fruit bat

Subspecies:[42]
    • N. m. major
      Dobson, 1877
    • N. m. geminus
      Andersen, 1910
    • N. m. lullulae
      Gray, 1904
    • N. m. scitulus
      Andersen, 1910
N. major
Dobson, 1877
hDD IUCN ?
Malaita tube-nosed fruit bat N. malaitensis
Phillips, 1968
hDD IUCN ?
Lesser tube-nosed bat

Subspecies:[43]
    • N. m. minutus
      Andersen, 1910
    • N. m. varius
      Andersen, 1910
N. minutus
Andersen, 1910
cVU IUCN
Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat N. rabori
Heaney and Peterson, 1984
dEN IUCN
Eastern tube-nosed bat N. robinsoni
Thomas, 1904
Synonyms:[43]
    • N. tryoni
      Longman, 1921
aLC IUCN ?
Nendo tube-nosed fruit bat N. sanctacrucis
Troughton, 1931
hDD IUCN ?
Umboi tube-nosed fruit bat

Subspecies:[44]
    • N. v. vizcaccia
      Thomas, 1914
    • N. v. bougainville
      Troughton, 1936
N. vizcaccia
Thomas, 1914
aLC IUCN ?
Demonic tube-nosed fruit bat N. masalai[lower-alpha 16]
Smith and Hood, 1983
hDD IUCN ?
Genus Paranyctimene Tate, 1942 – 2 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Unstriped tube-nosed bat P. raptor
Tate, 1942
aLC IUCN ?
Steadfast tube-nosed fruit bat

Subspecies:[44]
    • P. t. tenax
      Bergmans, 2001
    • P. t. marculus
      Bergmans, 2001
P. tenax
Bergmans, 2001
aLC IUCN ?

Subfamily Harpiyonycterinae


Subfamily Harpiyonycterinae – 1 genus, 2 species
Genus Harpyionycteris Palmer, 1898 – 2 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Sulawesi harpy fruit bat H. celebensis
Miller and Hollister, 1921
cVU IUCN
Harpy fruit bat

Subspecies:[45]
    • H. w. whiteheadi
      Thomas, 1896
    • H. w. negrosensis
      Peterson and Fenton, 1970
H. whiteheadi
Thomas, 1896
aLC IUCN

Subfamily Rousettinae



Tribe Rousettini


Tribe Rousettini – 3 genera, 15 species
Genus Rousettus Gray, 1821 – 3 subgenera, 10 species
Synonyms:[46]
    • Cercopterus
      Burnett, 1829
    • Cynonycteris
      Peters, 1852
    • Eleutherura
      Gray, 1844
    • Senonycteris
      Gray, 1870
    • Xantharpyia
      Gray, 1834
Subgenus Boneia Jentink, 1879
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Manado fruit bat R. (B.) bidens
Jentink, 1879
Synonyms:[47]
    • R. (B.) menadensis
      Thomas, 1896
cVU IUCN
Subgenus Rousettus Gray, 1821
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Egyptian fruit bat

Subspecies:[47]
    • R. (R.) a. aegyptiacus
      Geoffroy, 1810
    • R. (R.) a. arabicus
      Andersen and de Winton, 1902
    • R. (R.) a. leachii
      Miller, 1916
    • R. (R.) a. princes
      Juste and Iba±ez, 1993
    • R. (R.) a. tomensis
      Juste and Iba±ez, 1993
    • R. (R.) a. unicolor
      Gray, 1870
R. (R.) aegyptiacus
Geoffroy, 1810
aLC IUCN
Geoffroy's rousette

Subspecies:[47]
    • R. (R.) a. amplexicaudatus
      Geoffroy, 1810
    • R. (R.) a. brachyotis
      Dobson, 1878
    • R. (R.) a. hedigeri
      Pohle, 1952
    • R. (R.) a. infumatus
      Gray, 1871
    • R. (R.) a. minor
      Dobson, 1873
R. (R.) amplexicaudatus
Geoffroy, 1810
aLC IUCN ?
Sulawesi rousette R. (R.) celebensis
Andersen, 1907
aLC IUCN
Leschenault's rousette

Subspecies:[47]
    • R. (R.) l. leschenaultii
      Desmarest, 1820
    • R. (R.) l. seminudus
      Kelaart, 1850
    • R. (R.) l. shortridgei
      Thomas and Wroughton, 1909
R. (R.) leschenaultii
Desmarest, 1820
aLC IUCN
Linduan rousette R. (R.) linduensis
Maryanto and Yani, 2003
hDD IUCN ?
Comoro rousette R. (R.) obliviosus
Kock, 1978
cVU IUCN ?
Bare-backed rousette R. (R.) spinalatus
Bergmans and Hill, 1980
cVU IUCN
Subgenus Stenonycteris Gray, 1871
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Long-haired rousette R. (S.) lanosus
Thomas, 1906
Synonyms:[48]
    • R. (S.) kempu
      Thomas, 1909
aLC IUCN
Madagascan rousette R. (S.) madagascariensis
Grandidier, 1928
bNT IUCN
Genus Eonycteris Dobson, 1878 – 3 species
Synonyms:[49]
    • Callinycteris
      Jentink, 1889
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Greater nectar bat E. major
Andersen, 1910
hDD IUCN ?
Philippine dawn bat E. robusta
Miller, 1913
bNT IUCN
Dawn bat

Subspecies:[49]
    • E. s. spelaea
      Dobson, 1871
    • E. s. glandifera
      Lawrence, 1939
    • E. s. rosenbergii
      Jentink, 1889
    • E. s. winnyae
      Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener, 1997
E. spelaea
Dobson, 1871
aLC IUCN ?
Genus Eidolon Rafinesque, 1837 – 2 species
Synonyms:[50]
    • Leiponyx
      Jentink, 1881
    • Liponyx
      Forbes, 1882
    • Pterocyon
      Peters, 1861
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Madagascan fruit bat E. dupreanum
Schlegel and Pollen
cVU IUCN
Straw-colored fruit bat

Subspecies:[31]
    • E. h. helvum
      Kerr, 1792
    • E. h. annobonensis
      Juste, Ibß±ez, and Machordom, 2000
    • E. h. sabaeum
      Andersen, 1907
E. helvum
Kerr, 1792
bVU IUCN

Tribe Dobsoniini


Tribe Dobsoniini – 2 genera, 15 species
Genus Dobsonia Palmer, 1898 – 14 species
Synonyms:[45]
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Andersen's naked-backed fruit bat D. anderseni
Thomas, 1914
aLC IUCN
Beaufort's naked-backed fruit bat D. beauforti
Bergmans, 1975
aLC IUCN ?
Philippine naked-backed fruit bat D. chapmani
Rabor, 1975
eCR IUCN
Halmahera naked-backed fruit bat D. crenulata
Andersen, 1908
aLC IUCN ?
Biak naked-backed fruit bat D. emersa
Bergmans and Sarbini, 1985
cVU IUCN ?
Sulawesi naked-backed fruit bat D. exoleta
Andersen, 1908
aLC IUCN ?
Solomon's naked-backed fruit bat

Subspecies:[51]
    • D. i. inermis
      Andersen, 1909
    • D. i. minimus
      Phillips, 1968
D. inermis
Andersen, 1909
aLC IUCN
Lesser naked-backed fruit bat D. minor
Dobson, 1878
aLC IUCN ?
Moluccan naked-backed fruit bat D. moluccensis
Quoy and Gaimard, 1830
aLC IUCN
New Guinea naked-backed fruit bat D. magna[lower-alpha 17]
Thomas, 1905
iNE
Panniet naked-backed fruit bat

Subspecies:[51]
D. pannietensis
De Vis, 1905
bNT IUCN ?
Western naked-backed fruit bat

Subspecies:[51]
    • D. p. peronii
      Geoffroy, 1810
    • D. p. grandis
      Bergmans, 1978
D. peronii
Geoffroy, 1810
aLC IUCN
New Britain naked-backed fruit bat D. praedatrix
Andersen, 1908
aLC IUCN ?
Greenish naked-backed fruit bat D. viridis
Heude, 1896
aLC IUCN
Genus Aproteles Menzies, 1977 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Bulmer's fruit bat A. bulmerae
Menzies, 1977
eCR IUCN

Subfamily Epomophorinae



Tribe Epomophorini


Tribe Epomophorini 5 genera, 16 species
Genus Epomophorus Bennett, 1835 – 9 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Angolan epauletted fruit bat E. angolensis
Gray, 1870
bNT IUCN
Peters's epauletted fruit bat E. crypturus
Peters, 1852
aLC IUCN ?
Gambian epauletted fruit bat

Subspecies:[53]
    • E. g. gambianus
      Ogilby, 1835
    • E. g. pousarguesi
      Trouessart, 1904
E. gambianus
Ogilby, 1835
aLC IUCN ?
Lesser Angolan epauletted fruit bat E. grandis
Sanborn, 1950
hDD IUCN ?
Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat E. labiatus
Temminck, 1837
Synonyms:[54]
    • E. anurus
      von Heuglin, 1864
    • E. doriae
      Matschie, 1899
    • E. schoensis
      Rüppell, 1842
    • E. schovanus
      von Heuglin, 1877
aLC IUCN
East African epauletted fruit bat E. minimus
Claessen and Vree, 1991
aLC IUCN
Minor epauletted fruit bat E. minor
Dobson, 1879
aLC IUCN Central Africa and East Africa
Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat E. wahlbergi
Sundevall, 1846
Synonyms:[55]
    • E. haldemani
      Hallowell, 1846
    • E. neumanni
      Matschie, 1899
    • E. stuhlmanni
      Matschie, 1899
    • E. unicolor
      Gray, 1870
    • E. zenkeri
      Matschie, 1899
aLC IUCN
Ansell's epauletted fruit bat E. anselli
Bergmans & van Strien, 2004
hDD IUCN ?
Genus Micropteropus Matschie, 1899 – 2 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Hayman's dwarf epauletted fruit bat M. intermedius
Hayman, 1963
hDD IUCN ?
Peters' dwarf epauletted fruit bat M. pusillus
Peters, 1867
aLC IUCN
Genus Hypsignathus Allen, 1861 – 1 species
Synonyms:[56]
    • Sphyrocephalus
      Murray, 1862
    • Zygaenocephalus
      Murray, 1862
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Hammer-headed bat H. monstrosus
Allen, 1861
Synonyms:[56]
    • H. labrosus
      Murray, 1862
    • H. macrocephalus
      Peters, 1876
aLC IUCN ?
Genus Epomops Gray, 1870 – 3 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat E. buettikoferi
Matschie, 1899
aLC IUCN
Dobson's epauletted fruit bat E. dobsonii
du Bocage, 1889
aLC IUCN
Franquet's epauletted fruit bat E. franqueti
Tomes, 1860
Synonyms:[56]
    • E. comptus
      Allen, 1861
    • E. strepitans
      Andersen, 1910
aLC IUCN
Genus Nanonycteris Matschie, 1899 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Veldkamp's dwarf epauletted fruit bat N. veldkampii
Jentink, 1888
aLC IUCN ?

Tribe Myonycterini


Tribe Myonycterini 3 genera, 7 species
Genus Myonycteris Matschie, 1899 – 4 species
Synonyms:[32]
    • Phylletis
      Juste and Ibáñez, 1993
Subgenus Myonycteris Matschie, 1899
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
East African little collared fruit bat M. (M.) relicta
Bergmans, 1980
aLC IUCN
Little collared fruit bat M. (M.) torquata
Dobson, 1878
Synonyms:[32]
    • M. (M.) collaris
      Andersen, 1907
    • M. (M.) leptodon
      Andersen, 1908
    • M. (M.) wroughtoni
      Andersen, 1908
aLC IUCN
Sierra Leone collared fruit bat M. (M.) leptodon[lower-alpha 18]
Andersen, 1908
aLC IUCN ? Northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea
Subgenus Phygetis Andersen, 1912
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
São Tomé collared fruit bat M. (P.) brachycephala
du Bocage, 1889
Synonyms:[32]
    • M. (P.) brachycephalus
      Seabra, 1898
    • M. (P.) collaris
      Andersen, 1907
dEN IUCN
Genus Lissonycteris Andersen, 1912 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Angolan rousette

Subspecies:[56]
    • L. a. angolensis
      du Bocage, 1898
    • L. a. goliath
      Bergmans, 1997
    • L. a. ruwenzorii
      Eisentraut, 1965
    • L. a. smithii
      Thomas, 1908
L. angolensis
du Bocage, 1898
aLC IUCN
Genus Megaloglossus Pagenstecher, 1885 – 2 species
Synonyms:[57]
    • Trygenycteris
      Lydekker, 1891
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Woermann's bat M. woermanni
Pagenstecher, 1885
Synonyms:[57]
    • M. prigoginei
      Hayman, 1966
aLC IUCN
Azagnyi fruit bat M. azagnyi
Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin, 2012
aLC IUCN ? Coasts of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Togo

Tribe Scotonycterini


Tribe Scotonycterini 2 genera, 4 species
Genus Scotonycteris Matschie, 1894 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Zenker's fruit bat

Subspecies:[34]
    • S. z. zenkeri
      Matschie, 1894
    • S. z. bedfordi
      Thomas, 1904
    • S. z. occidentalis
      Hayman, 1947
S. zenkeri
Matschie, 1894
aLC IUCN
Genus Casinycteris Thomas, 1910 – 3 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Short-palated fruit bat C. argynnis
Thomas, 1910
aLC IUCN ?
Campo-Ma'an fruit bat C. campomaanensis
Hassanin, 2014
hDD IUCN ?
Pohle's fruit bat C. ophiodon[lower-alpha 19]
Pohle, 1943
Synonyms:[34]
    • C. cansdalei
      Hayman, 1946
bNT IUCN

Tribe Plerotini


Tribe Plerotini 1 genus, 1 species
Genus Plerotes Andersen, 1910 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
D'Anchieta's fruit bat P. anchietae
Seabra, 1900
hDD IUCN ?

Subfamily Cynopterinae


Subfamily Cynopterinae – 15 genera, 28 species
Genus Sphaerias Miller, 1906 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Blanford's fruit bat S. blanfordi
Thomas, 1891
Synonyms:[34]
    • S. motuoensis
      Thomas, 1891
aLC IUCN ?
Genus Alionycteris Kock, 1969 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Mindanao pygmy fruit bat A. paucidentata
Kock, 1969
aLC IUCN
Genus Cynopterus Cuvier, 1824 – 7 species
Synonyms:[58]
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Lesser short-nosed fruit bat

Subspecies:[58]
    • C. b. brachyotis
      Müller, 1838
    • C. b. altitudinis
      Hill, 1961
    • C. b. brachysoma
      Gray, 1871
    • C. b. ceylonensis
      Gray, 1871
    • C. b. concolor
      Sody, 1940
    • C. b. hoffeti
      Bourret, 1944
    • C. b. insularum
      Andersen, 1908
    • C. b. javanicus
      Andersen, 1910
C. brachyotis
Müller, 1838
aLC IUCN ?
Horsfield's fruit bat

Subspecies:[58]
    • C. h. horsfieldii
      Gray, 1843
    • C. h. harpax
      Thomas and Wroughton, 1909
    • C. h. persimilis
      Andersen, 1912
    • C. h. princeps
      Miller, 1906
C. horsfieldii
Gray, 1843
aLC IUCN ?
Peters's fruit bat C. luzoniensis
Peters, 1861
Synonyms:[59]
    • C. archipelagus
      Taylor, 1934
    • C. cumingii
      Gray, 1871
    • C. philippensis
      Gray, 1871
aLC IUCN
Minute fruit bat C. minutus
Miller, 1906
aLC IUCN
Nusatenggara short-nosed fruit bat

Subspecies:[59]
    • C. n. nusatenggara
      Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi, 1991
    • C. n. sinagai
      Kitchener, 1996
    • C. n. wetarensis
      Kitchener, 1996
C. nusatenggara
Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi, 1991
aLC IUCN
Greater short-nosed fruit bat

Subspecies:[59]
    • C. s. sphinx
      Vahl, 1797
    • C. s. angulatus
      Miller, 1898
    • C. s. babi
      Lyon, 1916
    • C. s. pagensis
      Miller, 1906
    • C. s. scherzeri
      Zelebor, 1869
    • C. s. serasani
      Paradiso, 1971
C. sphinx
Vahl, 1797
aLC IUCN
Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat

Subspecies:[60]
    • C. t. titthaecheilus
      Temminck, 1825
    • C. t. major
      Miller, 1906
    • C. t. terminus
      Sody, 1940
C. titthaecheilus
Temminck, 1825
aLC IUCN
Genus Haplonycteris Lawrence, 1939 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Fischer's pygmy fruit bat H. fischeri
Lawrence, 1939
aLC IUCN ?
Genus Latidens Thonglongya, 1972 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Salim Ali's fruit bat L. salimalii
Thonglongya, 1972
dEN IUCN ?
Genus Otopteropus Kock, 1969 – 1 species
Subspecies:[44]
    • Otopterus
      Sokolov, 1973
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Luzon fruit bat O. cartilagonodus
Kock, 1969
aLC IUCN
Genus Penthetor Andersen, 1912 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Dusky fruit bat P. lucasi
Dobson, 1878
aLC IUCN
Genus Aethalops Thomas, 1923 – 2 species
Synonyms:[15]
    • Aethalodes
      Thomas, 1923
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Borneo fruit bat A. aequalis
Allen, 1938
aLC IUCN ?
Pygmy fruit bat

Subspecies:[61]
    • A. a. alecto
      Thomas, 1923
    • A. a. boeadii
      Kitchener, 1993
    • A. a. ocypete
      Boeadi and Hill, 1986
A. alecto
Thomas, 1923
aLC IUCN ?
Genus Thoopterus Matschie, 1899 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Swift fruit bat T. nigrescens
Gray, 1870
Synonyms:[62]
    • T. latidens
      Dobson, 1878
aLC IUCN ?
Genus Hypsignathus Allen, 1861 – 1 species
Synonyms:[56]
    • Sphyrocephalus
      Murray, 1862
    • Zygaenocephalus
      Murray, 1862
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Hammer-headed bat H. monstrosus
Allen, 1861
Synonyms:[56]
    • H. labrosus
      Murray, 1862
    • H. macrocephalus
      Peters, 1876
aLC IUCN ?
Genus Ptenochirus Peters, 1861 – 2 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Greater musky fruit bat P. jagori
Peters, 1861
aLC IUCN
Lesser musky fruit bat P. minor
Yoshiyuki, 1979
aLC IUCN
Genus Dyacopterus Andersen, 1912 – 3 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Dayak fruit bat D. spadiceus
Thomas, 1890
bNT IUCN
Brooks's dyak fruit bat D. brooksi
Thomas, 1890
cVU IUCN
Philippine large-headed fruit bat D. rickarti[lower-alpha 20]
Helgen, Kock, Gomez and Ingle, 2007
iNE
Genus Chironax Andersen, 1908 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Black-capped fruit bat

Subspecies:[58]
    • C. m. melanocephalus
      Temminck, 1825
    • C. m. tumulus
      Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1988
C. melanocephalus
Temminck, 1825
aLC IUCN ?
Genus Megaerops Peters, 1865 – 4 species
Subspecies:[57]
    • Megaera
      Temminck, 1841
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Tailless fruit bat M. ecaudatus
Temminck, 1837
aLC IUCN ?
Javan tailless fruit bat M. kusnotoi
Hill & Boeadi, 1978
cVU IUCN
Ratanaworabhan's fruit bat M. niphanae
Yenbutra & Felten, 1983
aLC IUCN ?
White-collared fruit bat

Subspecies:[57]
    • M. w. wetmorei
      Taylor, 1934
    • M. w. albicollis
      Taylor, 1934
M. wetmorei
Taylor, 1934
cVU IUCN
Genus Balionycteris Matschie, 1899 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Spotted-winged fruit bat

Subspecies:[61]
    • B. m. maculata
      Thomas, 1923
    • B. m. seimundi
      Kloss, 1921
B. maculata
Matschie, 1899
aLC IUCN ?

See also



Notes


  1. Possibly extinct in the wild, last sighted in 1992[16]
  2. Considered synonymous with Pteropus alecto by the IUCN and ITIS, but considered valid by Mammal Species of the World[15]
  3. P. argentatus is a junior synonym[17]
  4. Not evaluated by the IUCN but considered valid by ITIS.[22] Also referred to as Pteropus pelagicus[23]
  5. Possibly extinct in the wild, last sighted before 1930[16]
  6. Considered valid by ITIS[29]
  7. This species is probably extinct.
  8. Considered valid by ITIS[30]
  9. This species is probably extinct.
  10. Sometimes considered synonymous with Pteralopex anceps
  11. Possibly extinct in the wild, last sighted in 1991[16]
  12. Formerly a separate species Melonycteris aurantius (the orange fruit bat) until 1966[36]
  13. Placed in the genus Pteralopex by Mammal Species of the World[37]
  14. Considered as Pteropus leucopterus by the IUCN, but as Desmalopex leucopterus by ITIS[38]
  15. Considered valid by ITIS[39]
  16. May be synonymous with Nyctimene albiventer
  17. Listed as a subspecies of Dobsonia moluccensis by the IUCN, but considered valid by ITIS[52]
  18. May be synonymous with Myonycteris (Myonycteris) torquata
  19. Considered to be in the genus Scotonycteris by the IUCN
  20. Not considered valid by the IUCN, but considered valid by ITIS[63]

Footnotes


  1. Eick, G. N.; Jacobs, D. S.; Matthee, C. A. (2005). "A Nuclear DNA Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Echolocation and Historical Biogeography of Extant Bats (Chiroptera)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (9): 1869–1886. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi180. PMID 15930153.
  2. Tsagkogeorga, G.; Parker, J.; Stupka, E.; Cotton, J. A.; Rossiter, S. J. (2013). "Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats". Current Biology. 23 (22): 2262–2267. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014. PMID 24184098.
  3. Simmons, Nancy B.; Seymour, Kevin L.; Habersetzer, Jörg; Gunnell, Gregg F. (2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation" (PDF). Nature. 451 (7180): 818–21. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..818S. doi:10.1038/nature06549. hdl:2027.42/62816. PMID 18270539. S2CID 4356708.
  4. Simmons, N. B.; Seymour, K. L.; Habersetzer, J.; Gunnell, G. F. (2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation" (PDF). Nature. 451 (7180): 818–821. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..818S. doi:10.1038/nature06549. hdl:2027.42/62816. PMID 18270539. S2CID 4356708.
  5. Pettigrew, J. D.; Maseko, B. C.; Manger, P.R. (2008). "Primate-like retinotectal decussation in an echolocating megabat, Rousettus aegyptiacus". Neuroscience. 153 (1): 226–31. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.019. PMID 18367343. S2CID 30649196.
  6. MSW3, p. 313.
  7. Almeida, F. C.; Giannini, N. P.; Simmons, N. B. (2016). "The Evolutionary History of the African Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)". Acta Chiropterologica. 18 (1): 73–90. doi:10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.1.003. S2CID 89415407.
  8. B, J. J.; Alvarez, Y.; Tabarés, E.; Garrido-Pertierra, A.; Ibáñez, C.; Bautista, J. M. (1999). "Phylogeography of African fruitbats (Megachiroptera)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 3 (13): 596–604. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0669. PMID 10620416.
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  10. MSW3, p. 334.
  11. MSW3, p. 344.
  12. MSW3, p. 340.
  13. MSW3, p. 345.
  14. MSW3, p. 336.
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  16. "Possibly Extinct and Possibly Extinct in the Wild Species" (PDF). IUCN Red List. 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  17. "Pteropus argentatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
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  19. MSW3, pp. 337–338.
  20. MSW3, p. 338
  21. MSW3, p. 338.
  22. "Pteropus insularis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  23. Buden, D. W.; Helgen, K. M.; Wiles, G. J. (2013). "Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of flying foxes (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) in the Mortlock Islands and Chuuk State, Caroline Islands". ZooKeys (345): 97–135. doi:10.3897/zookeys.345.5840. PMC 3817444. PMID 24194666.
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  25. MSW3, p. 341.
  26. MSW3, p. 342.
  27. MSW3, p. 343.
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  32. MSW3, p. 328.
  33. MSW3, p. 325.
  34. MSW3, p. 349.
  35. MSW3, p. 327.
  36. "Melonycteris aurantius". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
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  38. "Desmalopex leucopterus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
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  41. MSW3, p. 330.
  42. MSW3, pp. 330–331.
  43. MSW3, p. 331.
  44. MSW3, p. 332.
  45. MSW3, p. 318.
  46. MSW3, pp. 346–347.
  47. MSW3, p. 347.
  48. MSW3, p. 348.
  49. MSW3, p. 321.
  50. MSW3, p. 320.
  51. MSW3, p. 319.
  52. "Dobsonia magna". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
  53. MSW3, p. 322.
  54. MSW3, pp. 322–323.
  55. MSW3, p. 323.
  56. MSW3, p. 324.
  57. MSW3, p. 326.
  58. MSW3, p. 316.
  59. MSW3, p. 317.
  60. MSW3, pp. 317–318.
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References







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