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Bovidae is a family of hoofed ruminant mammals in the order Artiodactyla. A member of this family is called a bovid. They are widespread throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America, and are found in a variety of biomes, most typically forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland. Bovids range in size from the 38 cm (15 in) long royal antelope to the 3.3 m (10.8 ft) long gaur, which can reach 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) in weight.[1] Over a billion each of domesticated sheep, cattle, and goats, and over 200 million domesticated water buffalo, 14 million domestic yak, and 300,000 domesticated gayal are used in farming worldwide. Many wild species do not have population estimates, though the impala, springbok, and harnessed bushbuck have population sizes of over one million, while several species of bovid are considered endangered or critically endangered with populations as low as 25. One species, the scimitar oryx, is extinct in the wild, the bluebuck went extinct in the last 200 years, and the aurochs went extinct 400 years ago. A third extinct species, the red gazelle, potentially never existed,[2] and the kouprey is potentially extinct, with no sightings since 1969.[3]

The 146 extant species of Bovidae are split into 52 genera within 8 subfamilies: Aepycerotinae, or the impala; Alcelaphinae, containing the bontebok, hartebeest, wildebeest, and relatives; Antilopinae, containing several antelope, gazelles, and relatives; Bovinae, containing cattle, buffalos, bison, and other antelopes; Caprinae, containing goats, sheep, ibex, serows and relatives; Cephalophinae, or duikers; Hippotraginae, containing the addax, oryx, and relatives; and Reduncinae, or reedbuck and kob antelopes. Extinct species have also been placed into these subfamilies, as well as the extinct Hypsodontinae, Oiocerinae, and Tethytraginae subfamilies. Over one hundred extinct Bovidae species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[4]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
EX	Extinct (2 species)
EW	Extinct in the wild (1 species)
CR	Critically Endangered (7 species)
EN	Endangered (18 species)
VU	Vulnerable (24 species)
NT	Near threatened (24 species)
LC	Least concern (59 species)
Other categories
DD	Data deficient (3 species)
NE	Not evaluated (10 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the bovid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "".

Classification

The family Bovidae consists of 146 extant species belonging to 52 genera in 8 subfamilies and divided into hundreds of extant subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Additionally, the bluebuck went extinct in the last 200 years, and the aurochs went extinct 400 years ago.

Bovids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Subfamily Aepycerotinae

Genus Aepyceros (Sundevall, 1847) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Impala	A. melampus Lichtenstein, 1812 Two subspecies A. m. melampus (Common impala) A. m. petersi (Black-faced Impala)	Southern Africa (Common impala in green)	Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[5] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[6] Diet: Grass and shrubs[6][7]	LC  2,000,000 [6]

Subfamily Alcelaphinae

Genus Alcelaphus (Blainville, 1816) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Hartebeest	A. buselaphus Pallas, 1766 Eight subspecies A. b. buselaphus (Bubal hartebeest) A. b. caama (Red hartebeest) A. b. cokii (Coke's hartebeest) A. b. lelwel (Lelwel hartebeest) A. b. lichtensteinii (Lichtenstein's hartebeest) A. b. major (Western hartebeest) A. b. swaynei (Swayne's hartebeest) A. b. tora (Tora hartebeest)	Scattered sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 150–245 cm (59–96 in) long, plus 30–70 cm (12–28 in) tail[8] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[9] Diet: Grass[9]	LC  Unknown [9]

Genus Beatragus (Heller, 1912) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Hirola	B. hunteri P. L. Sclater, 1889	Border between Kenya and Somalia	Size: 120–205 cm (47–81 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[10] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[11] Diet: Grass, as well as forbs[10][11]	CR  200–250 [11]

Genus Connochaetes (Lichtenstein, 1812) – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black wildebeest	C. gnou Zimmermann, 1780	Southern Africa	Size: 212–242 cm (83–95 in) long, plus 31–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[12] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[13] Diet: Grass[13]	LC  11,200 [13]
Blue wildebeest	C. taurinus Burchell, 1824 Five subspecies C. t. albojubatus (Eastern white-bearded wildebeest) C. t. cooksoni (Cookson's wildebeest) C. t. johnstoni (Nyassaland wildebeest) C. t. mearnsi (Western white-bearded wildebeest) C. t. taurinus (Common wildebeest)	Southern and eastern Africa	Size: 170–240 cm (67–94 in) long, plus 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tail[5] Habitat: Savanna and grassland[14] Diet: Grass[14]	LC  Unknown [14]

Genus Damaliscus (P. L. Sclater, Thomas, 1894) – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bontebok	D. pygargus Pallas, 1767 Two subspecies D. p. phillipsi (Blesbok) D. p. pygargus	Southern Africa	Size: 140–160 cm (55–63 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[15] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[16] Diet: Grass and burnt veldt shrubs[16]	LC  55,000 [16]
Tsessebe	D. lunatus Burchell, 1823 Six subspecies D. l. jimela (Topi) D. l. korrigum (Korrigum) D. l. lunatus (Common tsessebe) D. l. superstes (Bangweulu tsessebe) D. l. tiang (Tiang) D. l. topi (Coastal topi)	Scattered sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 150–230 cm (59–91 in) long, plus 36–42 cm (14–17 in) tail[17] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[18] Diet: Grass[18]	LC  Unknown [18]

Subfamily Antilopinae

Genus Ammodorcas (Thomas, 1891) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Dibatag	A. clarkei Thomas, 1891	Horn of Africa	Size: 152–168 cm (60–66 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail[19] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[20] Diet: Leaves and shoots[19][20]	VU  2,800 [20]

Genus Antidorcas (Sundevall, 1847) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Springbok	A. marsupialis Zimmermann, 1780 Three subspecies A. m. angolensis A. m. hofmeyri A. m. marsupialis	Southwestern Africa	Size: 120–150 cm (47–59 in) long, plus 14–28 cm (6–11 in) tail[21] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[22] Diet: Shrubs and grass[22]	LC  1,400,000–1,750,000 [22]

Genus Antilope (Pallas, 1766) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Blackbuck	A. cervicapra Linnaeus, 1758 Two subspecies A. c. cervicapra A. c. rajputanae	India (former range in light green)	Size: Up to 120 cm (47 in) long[23] Habitat: Forest, grassland, and desert[24] Diet: Grass, as well as leaf litter, flowers, and fruit[24]	LC  35,000 [24]

Genus Dorcatragus (Noack, 1894) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Beira	D. megalotis Menges, 1894	Horn of Africa	Size: 76–87 cm (30–34 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[25] Habitat: Shrubland, and rocky areas[26] Diet: Shrubs[26]	VU  7,000 [26]

Genus Eudorcas (Fitzinger, 1869) – five species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Heuglin's gazelle	E. tilonura Heuglin, 1863	Northeastern Africa	Size: 55–120 cm (22–47 in) long, plus 15–27 cm (6–11 in) tail[27] Habitat: Savanna and shrubland[28] Diet: Grass and shrubs[27]	EN  1,700–2,500 [28]
Mongalla gazelle	E. albonotata W. Rothschild, 1903	South Sudan	Size: 80–120 cm (31–47 in) long, plus 15–27 cm (6–11 in) tail[29] Habitat: Savanna and grassland[30] Diet: Grass and shrubs[29]	LC  Unknown [30]
Red gazelle	E. rufina Thomas, 1894	North Africa	Size: Unknown Habitat: Unknown Diet: Unknown	DD  0 [2]
Red-fronted gazelle	E. rufifrons Gray, 1846 Five subspecies E. r. centralis (Eastern Chad red-fronted gazelle) E. r. hasleri (North Nigeria red-fronted gazelle) E. r. kanuri (Kanuri red-fronted gazelle) E. r. laevipes (Nubian red-fronted gazelle) E. r. rufifrons (Senegal red-fronted gazelle)	Sahel zone in central and western Africa	Size: 80–120 cm (31–47 in) long, plus 15–27 cm (6–11 in) tail[31] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[32] Diet: Grass and shrubs[31]	VU  Unknown [32]
Thomson's gazelle	E. thomsonii Günther, 1884 Two subspecies E. t. nasalis (Serengeti Thomson's gazelle) E. t. thomsonii (Eastern Thomson's gazelle)	Eastern Africa	Size: 80–120 cm (31–47 in) long, plus 15–27 cm (6–11 in) tail[33] Habitat: Savanna and grassland[34] Diet: Grass, as well as forbs and fruit[34]	LC  145,000 [34]

Genus Gazella (Blainville, 1816) – ten species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Arabian gazelle	G. arabica Lichtenstein, 1827 Two subspecies G. a. arabica G. a. bilkis	Arabian Peninsula	Size: About 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 9 cm (4 in) tail[35] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[36] Diet: Cyperus sedges[36]	VU  5,000–7,000 [36]
Arabian sand gazelle	G. marica Thomas, 1897	Arabian Peninsula	Size: About 97 cm (38 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail[37] Habitat: Desert[38] Diet: Grass and forbs[37]	VU  1,700–2,200 [38]
Chinkara	G. bennettii Sykes, 1831 Six subspecies G. b. bennettii (Deccan chinkara) G. b. christii (Gujarat chinkara) G. b. fuscifrons (Kennion gazelle) G. b. karamii (Bushehr gazelle) G. b. salinarum (Salt Range gazelle) G. b. shikarii (Jebeer gazelle)	South Asia	Size: 90–120 cm (35–47 in) long[39] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and desert[40] Diet: Grass, leaves, crops, and fruit[39]	LC  50,000–70,000 [40]
Cuvier's gazelle	G. cuvieri Ogilby, 1841	Northwestern Africa	Size: 95–105 cm (37–41 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[41] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[42] Diet: Leaves and grass[41]	VU  2,300–4,600 [42]
Dorcas gazelle	G. dorcas Linnaeus, 1758 Six subspecies G. d. beccarii (Eritrean dorcas gazelle) G. d. dorcas (Egyptian dorcas gazelle) G. d. isabella (Isabelle dorcas gazelle) G. d. massaesyla (Moroccan dorcas gazelle) G. d. osiris (Saharan dorcas gazelle) G. d. pelzelnii (Pelzeln's gazelle)	Northern Africa	Size: 90–110 cm (35–43 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[43] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[44] Diet: Acacia tree flowers, leaves, and pods, as well as other fruit and leaves[45]	VU  Unknown [44]
Erlanger's gazelle	G. erlangeri Neumann, 1906	Arabian Peninsula	Size: 110–125 cm (43–49 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[46] Habitat: Desert[46] Diet: Grass[46]	NE  Unknown
Goitered gazelle	G. subgutturosa Güldenstädt, 1780 Three subspecies G. s. gracilicornis (Turkmen gazelle) G. s. subgutturosa (Persian gazelle) G. s. yarkandensis (Yarkand gazelle)	Western and central Asia	Size: 90–115 cm (35–45 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[47] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[48] Diet: Grass and low plants[49]	VU  42,000–49,000 [48]
Mountain gazelle	G. gazella Pallas, 1766 Six subspecies G. g. acaciae G. g. cora G. g. darehshourii G. g. farasani G. g. gazella G. g. muscatensis	Mediterranean western Asia	Size: 100–125 cm (39–49 in) long, plus 8–13 cm (3–5 in) tail[50] Habitat: Desert and coastal marine[51] Diet: Grass, herbs, and shrubs[52]	EN  2,500 [51]
Rhim gazelle	G. leptoceros F. Cuvier, 1842 Two subspecies G. l. leptoceros G. l. loderi	Scattered northern Africa	Size: 100–110 cm (39–43 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[53] Habitat: Desert[54] Diet: Desert vegetation[54]	EN  300–600 [54]
Speke's gazelle	G. spekei Blyth, 1863	Horn of Africa	Size: 95–105 cm (37–41 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[55] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[56] Diet: Grass and leaves[55]	EN  Unknown [56]

Genus Litocranius (Kohl, 1886) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Gerenuk	L. walleri Brooke, 1878 Two subspecies L. w. sclateri (Northern gerenuk) L. w. walleri (Southern gerenuk)	Horn of Africa	Size: 140–160 cm (55–63 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[57] Habitat: Savanna and shrubland[58] Diet: Shrubs[58]	NT  Unknown [58]

Genus Madoqua (Ogilby, 1837) – four species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Günther's dik-dik	M. guentheri Thomas, 1894 Two subspecies M. g. guentheri M. g. smithii	Horn of Africa	Size: 55–65 cm (22–26 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[59] Habitat: Shrubland[60] Diet: Shrubs, leaves, and flowers[61]	LC  Unknown [60]
Kirk's dik-dik	M. kirkii Günther, 1880 Four subspecies M. k. kirkii M. k. cavendishi (Cavendish's dik-dik) M. k. damarensis (Damara dik-dik) M. k. hindei	Southeastern and southwestern Africa	Size: 52–67 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 3–6 cm (1–2 in) tail[62] Habitat: Shrubland[63] Diet: Leaves, as well as grass, herbs, and sedge[63]	LC  Unknown [63]
Salt's dik-dik	M. saltiana Desmarest, 1816 Five subspecies M. s. hararensis M. s. lawrancei M. s. phillipsi (Phillip's dik-dik) M. s. saltiana (Salt's sik-dik) M. s. swaynei (Swayne's dik-dik)	Horn of Africa	Size: 52–67 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 3–6 cm (1–2 in) tail[64] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[65] Diet: Acacia bushes, as well as leaves, buds, flowers, fruit, and herbs[64][65]	LC  Unknown [65]
Silver dik-dik	M. piacentinii Drake-Brockman, 1911	Horn of Africa	Size: 45–50 cm (18–20 in) long, plus 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[66] Habitat: Shrubland[67] Diet: Grass and shrubs[66]	DD  Unknown [67]

Genus Nanger (Lataste, 1885) – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Dama gazelle	N. dama Pallas, 1766 Three subspecies N. d. dama N. d. mhorr (Mhorr gazelle) N. d. ruficollis (Addra gazelle)	Scattered Saharan Desert and Sahel	Size: 140–168 cm (55–66 in) long[68] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and desert[69] Diet: Shrubs and grass[69]	CR  100–200 [69]
Grant's gazelle	N. granti Brooke, 1872 Five subspecies N. g. brighti (Bright's gazelle) N. g. granti (Southern Grant's gazelle) N. g. notata (Northern Grant's gazelle) N. g. petersii (Peter's gazelle) N. g. robertsi (Robert's gazelle)	Eastern Africa	Size: 140–166 cm (55–65 in) long, plus 20–28 cm (8–11 in) tail[70] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[71] Diet: Leaves and stems, as well as grass[72][71]	LC  Unknown [71]
Soemmerring's gazelle	N. soemmerringii Cretzschmar, 1828 Three subspecies N. s. berberana (Somali Soemmerring's gazelle) N. s. butteri (Borani Soemmerring's gazelle) N. s. soemmerringii (Sudan Soemmerring's gazelle)	Horn of Africa	Size: 125–150 cm (49–59 in) long, plus 18–23 cm (7–9 in) tail[73] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[74] Diet: Leaves, grass, and herbs[73]	VU  4,000–5,000 [74]

Genus Neotragus (H. Smith, 1827) – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bates's pygmy antelope	N. batesi Winton, 1903	Central Africa	Size: 50–58 cm (20–23 in) long, plus 4–5 cm (2–2 in) tail[75] Habitat: Forest[76] Diet: Leaves[76]	LC  Unknown [76]
Royal antelope	N. pygmaeus Linnaeus, 1758	Western Africa	Size: 38–51 cm (15–20 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[77] Habitat: Forest[78] Diet: Leaves and shoots, as well as fruit and fungi[77]	LC  Unknown [78]
Suni	N. moschatus von Dueben, 1846 Four subspecies N. m. kirchenpaueri N. m. livingstonianus N. m. moschatus N. m. zuluensis	Eastern Africa	Size: 57–62 cm (22–24 in) long[79] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[80] Diet: Leaves[79]	LC  Unknown [80]

Genus Oreotragus (A. Smith, 1834) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Klipspringer	O. oreotragus Zimmermann, 1783 Five subspecies O. o. aceratos O. o. oreotragus O. o. saltatrixoides O. o. stevensoni O. o. tyleri	Southern and Eastern Africa	Size: 75–115 cm (30–45 in) long[81] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[82] Diet: Shrubs[82]	LC  Unknown [82]

Genus Ourebia (Laurillard, 1842) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Oribi	O. ourebi Zimmermann, 1782 Eight subspecies O. o. dorcas O. o. gallarum O. o. haggardi O. o. hastata O. o. montana O. o. ourebi O. o. quadriscopa O. o. rutila	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 92–110 cm (36–43 in) long[83] Habitat: Savanna and grassland[84] Diet: Grass and shrubs[83]	LC  Unknown [84]

Genus Procapra (Hodgson, 1846) – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Goa	P. picticaudata Hodgson, 1846	Western China	Size: 91–105 cm (36–41 in) long, plus 8–9 cm (3–4 in) tail[85] Habitat: Grassland and inland wetlands[86] Diet: Forbs and legumes, as well as grass and sedges[85]	NT  100,000 [86]
Mongolian gazelle	P. gutturosa Pallas, 1777	Mongolia and nearby central Asia (historical range in light green)	Size: 100–130 cm (39–51 in) long[87] Habitat: Grassland and desert[88] Diet: Grass, onions, and shrubs[87]	LC  500,000–1,500,000 [88]
Przewalski's gazelle	P. przewalskii Büchner, 1891 Two subspecies P. p. diversicornis P. p. przewalskii	Central China	Size: 105–110 cm (41–43 in) long, plus up to 11 cm (4 in) tail[89] Habitat: Grassland and desert[90] Diet: Shrubs and grass[89]	EN  1,300–1,700 [90]

Genus Raphicerus (H. Smith, 1827) – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Cape grysbok	R. melanotis Thunberg, 1811	Southern Africa	Size: 65–80 cm (26–31 in) long, plus up to 4–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[91] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[92] Diet: Shrubs and grass[92]	LC  Unknown [92]
Sharpe's grysbok	R. sharpei Thomas, 1897	Southeastern Africa	Size: 65–75 cm (26–30 in) long, plus 4–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[93] Habitat: Savanna and shrubland[94] Diet: Shrubs and grass[94]	LC  Unknown [94]
Steenbok	R. campestris Thunberg, 1811 Four subspecies R. c. campestris R. c. capricornis R. c. kelleni R. c. neumanni	Southern and southeastern Africa	Size: 70–95 cm (28–37 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2–2 in) tail[95] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[96] Diet: Shrubs, geophytes, berries, flowers, and fruit[96]	LC  Unknown [96]

Genus Saiga (Gray, 1843) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Saiga antelope	S. tatarica Linnaeus, 1766 Two subspecies S. t. mongolica (Mongolian saiga) S. t. tatarica (Russian saiga)	Central Asia (historical range in white)	Size: 108–146 cm (43–57 in) long, plus 6–13 cm (2–5 in) tail[97] Habitat: Grassland and desert[98] Diet: Grass[98]	CR  123,400–124,200 [98]

Subfamily Bovinae

Genus Bison (H. Smith, 1827) – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
American bison	B. bison Linnaeus, 1758	Scattered North America	Size: 210–380 cm (83–150 in) long, plus 43–90 cm (17–35 in) tail[5] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and desert[99] Diet: Grass, leaves, and roots, as well as sagebrush[5][99]	NT  11,200–13,200[lower-alpha 1] [99]
European bison	B. bonasus Linnaeus, 1758 Three subspecies B. b. bonasus B. b. caucasicus (Caucasian wisent) B. b. hungarorum (Carpathian wisent)	Scattered Europe and western Asia	Size: 280–330 cm (110–130 in) long, plus 30–92 cm (12–36 in) tail[101] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and unknown[102] Diet: Grass, sedges and herbs, as well as trees and shrubs[103]	NT  2,500 [102]

Genus Bos (Linnaeus, 1758) – ten species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Aurochs	B. primigenius Bojanus, 1827	Formerly Europe, Asia, and North Africa	Size: Unknown Habitat: Unknown Diet: Grass[104]	EX  0
Banteng	B. javanicus d'Alton, 1823 Two subspecies B. j. javanicus (Javan banteng) B. j. lowi (Bornean banteng)	Southeast Asia (possible range in red)	Size: 190–225 cm (75–89 in) long, plus 65–70 cm (26–28 in) tail[105] Habitat: Forest and grassland[106] Diet: Grass, sedges, herbs, and bamboo, as well as leaves, fruit, flowers, bark, and young branches of shrubs and trees[106]	EN  4,000–8,000 [106]
Bali cattle	B. domesticus Wilckens, 1905	Southeast Asia	Size: 190–225 cm (75–89 in) long, plus 65–70 cm (26–28 in) tail[105] Habitat: Forest and grassland[106] Diet: Grass, sedges, herbs, and bamboo, as well as leaves, fruit, flowers, bark, and young branches of shrubs and trees[106]	NE  Unknown
Cattle	B. taurus Linnaeus, 1758	Worldwide	Size: 150–250 cm (59–98 in) long[107] Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, forest, and desert[104] Diet: Grass[104]	NE  Unknown (about 1.4 billion used in farming)[108]
Gaur	B. gaurus Smith, 1827 Two subspecies B. g. gaurus B. g. readei	Southern and southeastern Asia	Size: 250–330 cm (98–130 in) long, plus 70–100 cm (28–39 in) tail[1] Habitat: Forest, savanna, grassland, and shrubland[109] Diet: Grass as well as leaves, fruit, twigs, bark, and bamboo[109]	VU  6,000–21,000 [109]
Gayal	B. frontalis Lambert, 1804 Four subspecies B. f. frontalis B. f. laosiensis B. f. sinhaleyus	South Asia	Size: 250–330 cm (98–130 in) long, plus 70–105 cm (28–41 in) tail[110] Habitat: Forest and grassland[110] Diet: Grass, forbs, and leaves[110]	NE  1,000[110] (about 300,000 used in farming)[111]
Kouprey	B. sauveli Urbain, 1937	Southeast Asia	Size: 210–223 cm (83–88 in) long, plus up to 100 cm (39 in) tail[112] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[3] Diet: Grass, sedges, and shrubs[3]	CR  0–50 [3]
Wild yak	B. mutus Przhevalsky, 1883	Central Asia	Size: 306–385 cm (120–152 in) long, plus up to 60 cm (24 in) tail[113] Habitat: Grassland and desert[114] Diet: Grass and sedges, as well as forbs[114]	VU  7,500–10,000 [114]
Yak	B. grunniens Linnaeus, 1766	Central Asia	Size: 145–218 cm (57–86 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail[115] Habitat: Rocky areas and grassland[116] Diet: Grass, shrubs, and forbs, as well as lichen and moss[116]	NE  14 million (in farming)[117]
Zebu	B. indicus Linnaeus, 1758	Asia	Size: 150–250 cm (59–98 in) long[107] Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, forest, and desert[104] Diet: Grass[104]	NE  Unknown

Genus Boselaphus (Blainville, 1816) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Nilgai	B. tragocamelus Pallas, 1766	Indian subcontinent	Size: 180–200 cm (71–79 in) long[118] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[119] Diet: Grass and shrubs[119]	LC  70,000–100,000 [119]

Genus Bubalus (H. Smith, 1827) – five species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Lowland anoa	B. depressicornis H. Smith, 1827	Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia	Size: 122–188 cm (48–74 in) long, plus up to 41 cm (16 in) tail[120] Habitat: Forest[121] Diet: Shrubs[121]	EN  2,500 [121]
Mountain anoa	B. quarlesi Ouwens, 1910	Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia	Size: 122–153 cm (48–60 in) long[122] Habitat: Forest[123] Diet: Grass and shrubs[123]	EN  0–2,500 [123]
Tamaraw	B. mindorensis Heude, 1888	Island of Mindoro in the Philippines	Size: Around 220 cm (87 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail[124] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[125] Diet: Grass and young bamboo shoots[125]	CR  200–300 [125]
Water buffalo	B. bubalis Linnaeus, 1758 Three subspecies B. b. bubalis B. b. kerabau B. b. theerapati	Scattered Asia, Egypt, and South America	Size: 240–300 cm (94–118 in) long, plus 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tail[126] Habitat: Forest and grassland[126] Diet: Grass, as well as herbs, shrubs, and leaves[126]	NE  202 million (on farms)[127]
Wild water buffalo	B. arnee Kerr, 1792 Four subspecies B. a. arnee B. a. fulvus B. a. migona B. a. septentrionalis	Scattered Southeast Asia	Size: 240–300 cm (94–118 in) long, plus up to 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tail[128] Habitat: Forest, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[129] Diet: Grass and sedges, as well as fruit and shrubs[128]	EN  2,500 [129]

Genus Pseudoryx (Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander, MacKinnon, 1993) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Saola	P. nghetinhensis Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander, MacKinnon, 1993	Annamite Range of Vietnam and Laos	Size: 143–150 cm (56–59 in) long, plus up to 25 cm (10 in) tail[130] Habitat: Forest[131] Diet: Leaves as well as shrubs[131]	CR  25-750 [131]

Genus Syncerus (Hodgson, 1847) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
African buffalo	S. caffer Sparrman, 1779 Five subspecies S. c. aequinoctialis (Nile buffalo) S. c. brachyceros (Sudan buffalo) S. c. caffer (Cape buffalo) S. c. matthewsi (Mountain buffalo) S. c. nanus (African forest buffalo)	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 240–340 cm (94–134 in) long, plus 75–110 cm (30–43 in) tail[5] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[132] Diet: Grass[5]	NT  398,000–401,000 [132]

Genus Taurotragus (Wagner, 1855) – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Common eland	T. oryx Pallas, 1766 Three subspecies T. o. livingstonei (Livingstone's eland) T. o. oryx (Cape eland) T. o. pattersonianus (East African eland)	Eastern and southern Africa	Size: 200–345 cm (79–136 in) long, plus 50–72 cm (20–28 in) tail[133] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[134] Diet: Shrubs[134]	LC  90,000–110,000 [134]
Giant eland	T. derbianus Gray, 1847 Two subspecies T. d. derbianus T. d. gigas	Western and central Africa	Size: 210–345 cm (83–136 in) long, plus 55–70 cm (22–28 in) tail[135][136] Habitat: Forest and savanna[137] Diet: Leaves, shoots, herbs and fruit, as well as grass[137]	VU  8,400–9,800 [137]

Genus Tetracerus (Leach, 1825) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Four-horned antelope	T. quadricornis Blainville, 1816 Three subspecies T. q. iodes T. q. quadricornis T. q. subquadricornutus	Indian subcontinent	Size: 80–110 cm (31–43 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[138] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[139] Diet: Grass and shrubs[139]	VU  7,000–10,000 [139]

Genus Tragelaphus (Blainville, 1816) – seven species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bongo	T. eurycerus Ogilby, 1837	Western and central Africa	Size: 170–250 cm (67–98 in) long, plus 45–65 cm (18–26 in) tail[140] Habitat: Forest and savanna[141] Diet: Shrubs as well as grass[141]	NT  15,000–25,000 [141]
Greater kudu	T. strepsiceros Pallas, 1766 Three subspecies T. s. chora T. s. cottoni T. s. strepsiceros	Central, eastern, and southern Africa	Size: 180–250 cm (71–98 in) long[5] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and desert[142] Diet: Shrubs[142]	LC  300,000–350,000 [142]
Harnessed bushbuck	T. scriptus Pallas, 1766 Eight subspecies T. s. bor T. s. decula T. s. fasciatus T. s. knutsoni T. s. meneliki T. s. ornatus T. s. scriptus T. s. sylvaticus	Western and central Africa	Size: 105–150 cm (41–59 in) long, plus 19–25 cm (7–10 in) tail[143] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[144] Diet: Shrubs[144]	LC  1,000,000–1,500,000 [144]
Lesser kudu	T. imberbis Blyth, 1869	Eastern Africa	Size: 110–175 cm (43–69 in) long, plus 26–30 cm (10–12 in) tail[145] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[146] Diet: Tree leaves, shrubs, and herbs[146]	NT  80,000–100,000 [146]
Mountain nyala	T. buxtoni Lydekker, 1910	Central Ethiopia	Size: 190–260 cm (75–102 in) long[147] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[148] Diet: Grass, herbs, and shrubs[147]	EN  1,500–2,500 [148]
Nyala	T. angasii Angas, 1849	Southeastern Africa	Size: 132–198 cm (52–78 in) long, plus 35–55 cm (14–22 in) tail[149] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[150] Diet: Leaves and fruit as well as grass[150]	LC  20,000–27,500 [150]
Sitatunga	T. spekii P. L. Sclater, 1863 Five subspecies T. s. gratus T. s. larkenii T. s. selousi T. s. spekii T. s. sylvestris	Central Africa	Size: 115–170 cm (45–67 in) long, plus 18–30 cm (7–12 in) tail[151] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[152] Diet: Grass, sedges, and shrubs[152]	LC  90,000–120,000 [152]

Subfamily Caprinae

Genus Ammotragus (Blyth, 1840) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Barbary sheep	A. lervia Pallas, 1777 Six subspecies A. l. angusi A. l. blainei A. l. fassini A. l. lervia A. l. ornatus (Egyptian Barbary sheep) A. l. sahariensis	Northern Africa	Size: 130–165 cm (51–65 in) long, plus 12–25 cm (5–10 in) tail[153] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[154] Diet: Grass, shrubs, and forbs[154]	VU  5,000–10,000 [154]

Genus Arabitragus (Ropiquet, Hassanin, 2005) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Arabian tahr	A. jayakari Thomas, 1894	Eastern Arabia	Size: 93–95 cm (37–37 in) long, plus up to 8–10 cm (3–4 in) tail[155] Habitat: Shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[156] Diet: Grass, forbs, shrubs, and trees[156]	EN  2,200–2,300 [156]

Genus Budorcas (Hodgson, 1850) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Takin	B. taxicolor Hodgson, 1850 Four subspecies B. t. bedfordi (Golden takin) B. t. taxicolor (Mishmi takin) B. t. tibetana (Sichuan takin) B. t. whitei (Bhutan takin)	Eastern Himalayas	Size: 170–220 cm (67–87 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail[157] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[158] Diet: Grass, bamboo shoots, forbs, and leaves[158]	VU  Unknown [158]

Genus Capra (Linnaeus, 1758) – nine species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Alpine ibex	C. ibex Linnaeus, 1758	The Alps	Size: 130–140 cm (51–55 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail[159] Habitat: Grassland, and rocky areas[160] Diet: Grass and herbs, as well as woody plants and cryptogams[160]	LC  53,000 [160]
East Caucasian tur	C. cylindricornis Blyth, 1841	Caucasus Mountains in eastern Europe	Size: 120–165 cm (47–65 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[161] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[162] Diet: Grass, trees, and a variety of other plants[162]	NT  23,000 [162]
Iberian ibex	C. pyrenaica Schinz, 1838	Iberian Peninsula	Size: 100–140 cm (39–55 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[163] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas[164] Diet: Leaves, acorns, forbs, and grass[163]	LC  50,000 [164]
Markhor	C. falconeri Wagner, 1839 Three subspecies C. f. falconeri (Astor markhor) C. f. heptneri (Bukharan markhor) C. f. megaceros (Kabul markhor)	Central Asia	Size: 140–185 cm (55–73 in) long, plus 8–14 cm (3–6 in) tail[165] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas[166] Diet: Grass and leaves[166]	NT  5,800 [166]
Nubian ibex	C. nubiana F. Cuvier, 1825	Northern Africa and the Middle East	Size: 105–125 cm (41–49 in) long[167] Habitat: Shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[168] Diet: Wide variety of herbaceous and woody plants[168]	VU  4,500 [168]
Siberian ibex	C. sibirica Pallas, 1776	Central Asia	Size: 130–165 cm (51–65 in) long, plus 10–18 cm (4–7 in) tail[169] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[170] Diet: Grass, as well as herbs and shrubs[170]	NT  102,000–150,000 [170]
Walia ibex	C. walie Rüppell, 1835	Northeastern Africa	Size: 150–170 cm (59–67 in) long, plus 20–25 cm (8–10 in) tail[171] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[172] Diet: Shrubs, herbs, lichens, and grass[173]	VU  600 [172]
West Caucasian tur	C. caucasica Güldenstädt, Pallas, 1783 Two subspecies C. c. caucasica C. c. severtzovi	Caucasus Mountains in eastern Europe	Size: 120–165 cm (47–65 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[174] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[175] Diet: Grass, trees, and a variety of other plants[175]	EN  3,000–4,000 [175]
Wild goat	C. aegagrus Erxleben, 1777 Five subspecies C. a. aegagrus (Bezoar ibex) C. a. blythi (Sindh ibex) C. a. chialtanensis (Chiltan ibex) C. a. turcmenica (Turkmen wild goat) C. a. hircus (Goat)	Western Asia (worldwide distribution of domestic goat in farming)	Size: 115–170 cm (45–67 in) long[176] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[177] Diet: Grass, herbaceous plants, and shrubs, as well as trees[177]	NT  70,000 (about 1 billion used in farming) [177]

Genus Capricornis (Ogilby, 1836) – four species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Japanese serow	C. crispus Temminck, 1836	Japan	Size: Around 130 cm (51 in) long[178] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[179] Diet: Leaves, shoots, and acorns[179]	LC  Unknown [179]
Mainland serow	C. sumatraensis Bechstein, 1799 Three subspecies C. s. maritimus (Indochinese serow) C. s. sumatraensis (Sumatran serow) C. s. thar (Himalayan serow)	The Himalayas and southeastern Asia	Size: 140–155 cm (55–61 in) long, plus 8–16 cm (3–6 in) tail[180] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[181] Diet: Leaves and twigs[181]	VU  Unknown [181]
Red serow	C. rubidus Blyth, 1863	Southeastern Asia	Size: 140–155 cm (55–61 in) long[182] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas[183] Diet: Grass, shoots, and leaves[182]	NT  Unknown [183]
Taiwan serow	C. swinhoei Gray, 1862	Taiwan	Size: 80–114 cm (31–45 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail[184] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[185] Diet: Grass and shrubs[185]	LC  Unknown [185]

Genus Hemitragus (Hodgson, 1841) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Himalayan tahr	H. jemlahicus H. Smith, 1826	Himalayas	Size: 90–140 cm (35–55 in) long[186] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[187] Diet: Herbaceous plants and shrubs, grass, and sedges[187]	NT  Unknown [187]

Genus Naemorhedus (H. Smith, 1827) – four species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Chinese goral	N. griseus Milne-Edwards, 1874 Two subspecies N. g. evansi N. g. griseus	Southeastern Asia 178px|alt=	Size: 88–118 cm (35–46 in) long, plus 11–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[188] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas[189] Diet: Grass, leaves, twigs, and nuts[189]	NE  Unknown [189]
Himalayan goral	N. goral Hardwicke, 1825 Two subspecies N. g. bedfordi N. g. goral	Himalayas	Size: 81–130 cm (32–51 in) long[190] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[191] Diet: Grass, leaves, twigs, fruit, and nuts[191]	NT  Unknown [191]
Long-tailed goral	N. caudatus H. Milne-Edwards, 1867	Eastern Asia	Size: 81–129 cm (32–51 in) long[192] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[193] Diet: Grass, herbs, shoots, leaves, nuts, as well as fruit[193]	VU  2,500–10,000 [193]
Red goral	N. baileyi Pocock, 1914	Eastern Asia	Size: 93–103 cm (37–41 in) long, plus 7–10 cm (3–4 in) tail[194] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas[195] Diet: Lichens, as well as grass, shoots, leaves, and twigs[195]	VU  7,000–10,000 [195]

Genus Nilgiritragus (Ropiquet, Hassanin, 2005) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Nilgiri tahr	N. hylocrius Ogilby, 1838	Southern India	Size: 90–140 cm (35–55 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail[196] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[197] Diet: Grass and forbs[197]	EN  1,800–2,000 [197]

Genus Oreamnos (Rafinesque, 1817) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Mountain goat	O. americanus Blainville, 1816	Western North America	Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 8–20 cm (3–8 in) tail[5] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[198] Diet: Grass, forbs, sedges, ferns, moss, lichen, twigs, and leaves[198]	LC  48,000–62,000 [198]

Genus Ovibos (Blainville, 1816) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Muskox	O. moschatus Zimmermann, 1780	The Arctic (reintroduced in blue)	Size: 190–270 cm (75–106 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail[5] Habitat: Grassland[199] Diet: Sedges and grass, as well as shrubs and some forbs[199]	LC  133,900–136,900 [199]

Genus Ovis (Linnaeus, 1758) – seven species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Argali	O. ammon Linnaeus, 1758 Nine subspecies O. a. ammon (Altai argali) O. a. collium (Karaganda argali) O. a. darwini (Gobi argali) O. a. hodgsonii (Tibetan argali) O. a. jubata (North China argali) O. a. karelini (Tian Shan argali) O. a. nigrimontana (Kara Tau argali) O. a. polii (Marco Polo sheep) O. a. severtzovi (Severtzov argali)	Central and eastern Asia	Size: 120–190 cm (47–75 in) long[200] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[201] Diet: Grass, sedges, and some herbs and lichens[201]	NT  Unknown [201]
Bighorn sheep	O. canadensis Shaw, 1804 Three subspecies O. c. canadensis (Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep) O. c. nelsoni (Desert bighorn sheep) O. c. sierrae (Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep)	Western North America	Size: 160–180 cm (63–71 in) long[202] Habitat: Grassland, and rocky areas[203] Diet: Grass, as well as forbs and shrubs[203]	LC  49,000 [203]
Dall sheep	O. dalli Nelson, 1884 Two subspecies O. d. dalli O. d. stonei (Stone sheep)	Northwestern North America	Size: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail[204] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[205] Diet: Grass and sedges[205]	LC  66,600 [205]
Mouflon	O. gmelini Blyth, 1841 Four subspecies O. g. gmelini (Armenian mouflon) O. g. isphahanica (Esfahan mouflon) O. g. laristanica (Laristan mouflon) O. g. ophion (Cyprus mouflon)	Western Asia	Size: 105–140 cm (41–55 in) long, plus 12–13 cm (5–5 in) tail[206] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[207] Diet: Grass and shrubs[206]	NT  26,500 [207]
Sheep	O. aries Linnaeus, 1758	Domesticated worldwide	Size: 120–180 cm (47–71 in) long, plus 7–15 cm (3–6 in) tail[208] Habitat: Savanna, grassland, desert, forest, and rocky areas[208] Diet: Grass, as well as a wide variety of vegetation[208]	NE  Unknown (about 1.2 billion used in farming)[209]
Snow sheep	O. nivicola Eschscholtz, 1829 Six subspecies O. n. alleni (Okhotsk sheep) O. n. borealis (Putorana snow sheep) O. n. koriakorum (Koryak snow sheep) O. n. nivicola (Kamchatkan snow sheep) O. n. tschuktschorum (Chukotsk sheep) O. n. zydekkeri (Yakutian sheep)	Eastern Russia	Size: 126–188 cm (50–74 in) long[210] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[211] Diet: Grass, as well as lichens, mosses, and willow sprouts[211]	LC  Unknown [211]
Urial	O. vignei Blyth, 1841	Central and southern Asia	Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 11–13 cm (4–5 in) tail[212] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[213] Diet: Grass and shrubs[212]	VU  18,000 [213]

Genus Pantholops (Hodgson, 1834) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Tibetan antelope	P. hodgsonii Abel, 1826	Tibetan Plateau	Size: 120–130 cm (47–51 in) long[214] Habitat: Grassland[215] Diet: Grass and herbs[214]	NT  100,000–150,000 [215]

Genus Pseudois (Hodgson, 1846) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bharal	P. nayaur Hodgson, 1833	Himalayas	Size: 120–140 cm (47–55 in) long[216] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[217] Diet: Grass, alpine herbs, and lichens[217]	LC  47,000–414,000 [217]

Genus Rupicapra (Blainville, 1816) – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Chamois	R. rupicapra Linnaeus, 1758 Seven subspecies R. r. asiatica (Anatolian chamois) R. r. balcanica (Balkan chamois) R. r. carpatica (Carpathian chamois) R. r. cartusiana (Chartreuse chamois) R. r. caucasica (Caucasian chamois) R. r. rupicapra (Alpine chamois) R. r. tatrica (Tatra chamois)	Europe and western Asia (former range in gray)	Size: 110–135 cm (43–53 in) long[218] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[219] Diet: Grass, herbs, tree leaves, buds, shoots, and fungi[219]	LC  300,000 [219]
Pyrenean chamois	R. pyrenaica Bonaparte, 1845 Three subspecies R. p. ornata R. p. parva (Cantabrian chamois) R. p. pyrenaica	Southern Europe	Size: 90–130 cm (35–51 in) long, plus 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[220] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[221] Diet: Herbs and flowers, as well as lichen, moss, and young pine shoots[220]	LC  50,000 [221]

Subfamily Cephalophinae

Genus Cephalophus (H. Smith, 1827) – sixteen species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Abbott's duiker	C. spadix True, 1890	Tanzania	Size: 97–140 cm (38–55 in) long, plus 8–13 cm (3–5 in) tail[222] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[223] Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers and moss[222]	EN  1,500 [223]
Aders's duiker	C. adersi Thomas, 1918	Eastern Africa	Size: 66–72 cm (26–28 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail[224] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[225] Diet: Leaves, seeds, sprouts, buds, and fruit[225]	VU  14,000 [225]
Bay duiker	C. dorsalis Gray, 1846 Two subspecies C. d. castaneus (Eastern bay duiker) C. d. dorsalis (Western bay duiker)	Western and southern Africa	Size: 70–100 cm (28–39 in) long[226] Habitat: Forest[227] Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as birds[226]	NT  Unknown [227]
Black duiker	C. niger Gray, 1846	Western Africa	Size: 80–90 cm (31–35 in) long, plus 12–14 cm (5–6 in) tail[228] Habitat: Forest[229] Diet: Flowers, leaves, shrubs, grass, fruit, insects, and eggs[229]	LC  Unknown [229]
Black-fronted duiker	C. nigrifrons Gray, 1871 Six subspecies C. n. fosteri C. n. hooki C. n. hypoxanthus C. n. kivuensis C. n. nigrifrons C. n. rubidus (Ruwenzori duiker)	Central Africa	Size: 80–170 cm (31–67 in) long, plus 7–15 cm (3–6 in) tail[230] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[231] Diet: Fruit and leaves[232]	LC  Unknown [231]
Brooke's duiker	C. brookei Thomas, 1903	Western Africa	Size: About 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 12 cm (5 in) tail[233] Habitat: Forest[233] Diet: Fruit and leaves[233]	NE  Unknown
Jentink's duiker	C. jentinki Thomas, 1892	Western Africa	Size: 130–150 cm (51–59 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[234] Habitat: Forest[235] Diet: Fruit, nuts, and tree stems[235]	EN  2,000 [235]
Ogilby's duiker	C. ogilbyi Waterhouse, 1838	Western Africa	Size: 85–115 cm (33–45 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail[236] Habitat: Forest[237] Diet: Fruit and leaves[236]	LC  Unknown [237]
Peters's duiker	C. callipygus Peters, 1876	Western central Africa	Size: 94–109 cm (37–43 in) long, plus 8–15 cm (3–6 in) tail[238] Habitat: Forest[239] Diet: Fruit and leaves[238]	LC  Unknown [239]
Red forest duiker	C. natalensis Smith, 1834 Two subspecies C. n. harveyi C. n. natalensis	Southeastern Africa	Size: 75–87 cm (30–34 in) long, plus 9–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[240] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[241] Diet: Fruit and leaves[240]	LC  Unknown [241]
Red-flanked duiker	C. rufilatus Gray, 1846	Western and central Africa	Size: 60–80 cm (24–31 in) long[242] Habitat: Forest and savanna[243] Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as flowers and twigs[242]	LC  Unknown [243]
Weyns's duiker	C. weynsi Thomas, 1901 Three subspecies C. w. johnstoni C. w. lestradei C. w. weynsi	Central Africa	Size: 80–115 cm (31–45 in) long, plus 8–16 cm (3–6 in) tail[244] Habitat: Forest[245] Diet: Fruit and leaves[244]	LC  Unknown [245]
White-bellied duiker	C. leucogaster Gray, 1873 Two subspecies C. l. arrhenii C. l. leucogaster	Central Africa	Size: 78–100 cm (31–39 in) long, plus 8–15 cm (3–6 in) tail[246] Habitat: Forest[247] Diet: Fruit, leaves, and flowers[246]	NT  Unknown [247]
White-legged duiker	C. crusalbum Grubb, 1978	Western Africa	Size: 85–115 cm (33–45 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail[236] Habitat: Forest[248] Diet: Fruit and leaves[236]	NT  13,000 [248]
Yellow-backed duiker	C. silvicultor Afzelius, 1815 Four subspecies C. s. curticeps C. s. longiceps C. s. ruficrista C. s. silvicultor	Central and western Africa	Size: 115–145 cm (45–57 in) long, plus 11–18 cm (4–7 in) tail[249] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[250] Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, seeds, buds, bark, and shoots[249]	NT  Unknown [250]
Zebra duiker	C. zebra Gray, 1838	Western Africa	Size: 70–90 cm (28–35 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[251] Habitat: Forest[252] Diet: Fruit and leaves[251]	VU  9,500 [252]

Genus Philantomba (Blyth, 1840) – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Blue duiker	P. monticola Thunberg, 1789 Twelve subspecies P. m. aequatorialis P. m. anchietae P. m. bicolor P. m. congicus P. m. defriesi P. m. hecki P. m. lugens P. m. melanorheus P. m. monticola P. m. musculoides P. m. simpsoni P. m. sundevalli	Cenral and southern Africa	Size: 55–72 cm (22–28 in) long, plus 7–13 cm (3–5 in) tail[253] Habitat: Forest[254] Diet: Fruit, seeds, flowers, and fungi[253]	LC  Unknown [254]
Maxwell's duiker	P. maxwellii H. Smith, 1827 Two subspecies P. m. danei P. m. maxwellii	Western Africa	Size: 36–40 cm (14–16 in) long[255] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[256] Diet: Leaves and fruit[256]	LC  Unknown [256]
Walter's duiker	P. walteri Colyn, Huselman, Sonet, Oudé, Winters, Natta, Nagy, Verheyen, 2010	Western Africa	Size: Similar to Maxwell's duiker[255] Habitat: Shrubland[257] Diet: Leaves and fruit[255]	DD  Unknown [257]

Genus Sylvicapra (Ogilby, 1837) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Common duiker	S. grimmia Linnaeus, 1758 Thirteen subspecies S. g. altivallis S. g. caffra S. g. campbelliae S. g. coronata S. g. grimmia S. g. hindei S. g. lobeliarum S. g. madoqua S. g. nyansae S. g. orbicularis S. g. pallidior S. g. splendidula S. g. steinhardti	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 70–105 cm (28–41 in) long, plus 10–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[258] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[259] Diet: Variety of foliage, herbs, fruit, seeds, and cultivated crops[259]	LC  Unknown [259]

Subfamily Hippotraginae

Genus Addax (Laurillard, 1841) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Addax	A. nasomaculatus Blainville, 1816	Scattered western Africa	Size: 150–170 cm (59–67 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail[260] Habitat: Savanna, grassland, and desert[261] Diet: Grass and shrubs[260]	CR  30–90 [261]

Genus Hippotragus (Sundevall, 1846) – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bluebuck	H. leucophaeus Pallas, 1766	Southern tip of Africa (former range)	Size: 230–300 cm (91–118 in) long[262] Habitat: Grassland[263] Diet: Grass[262]	EX  0 [263]
Roan antelope	H. equinus Desmarest, 1804 Six subspecies H. e. bakeri H. e. cottoni H. e. equinus H. e. koba H. e. langheldi H. e. scharicus	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 190–240 cm (75–94 in) long, plus 37–48 cm (15–19 in) tail[264] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[265] Diet: Grass[264]	LC  50,000–60,000 [265]
Sable antelope	H. niger Harris, 1838 Four subspecies H. n. kirkii (Zambian sable antelope) H. n. niger (Southern sable antelope) H. n. roosevelti (Eastern sable antelope) H. n. variani (Giant sable antelope)	Southeastern Africa	Size: 190–255 cm (75–100 in) long, plus 40–75 cm (16–30 in) tail[266] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[267] Diet: Grass, as well as forbs and leaves[267]	LC  50,000–60,000 [267]

Genus Oryx (Blainville, 1816) – four species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Arabian oryx	O. leucoryx Pallas, 1777	Arabian Peninsula	Size: 153–235 cm (60–93 in) long, plus 45–90 cm (18–35 in) tail[268] Habitat: Desert[269] Diet: Grass and shrubs[269]	VU  850 [269]
East African oryx	O. beisa Rüppell, 1835 Two subspecies O. b. beisa (Common beisa oryx) O. b. callotis (Fringe-eared oryx)	Eastern Africa	Size: 153–170 cm (60–67 in) long, plus 45–50 cm (18–20 in) tail[270] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[271] Diet: Grass and shrubs, as well as melons, roots, bulbs, and tubers[271]	EN  11,000–13,000 [271]
Gemsbok	O. gazella Linnaeus, 1758	Southern Africa	Size: 180–195 cm (71–77 in) long[272] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[273] Diet: Grass and shrubs, as well as melons, roots, bulbs, and tubers[273]	LC  Unknown [273]
Scimitar oryx	O. dammah Cretzschmar, 1827	Reservation in Chad	Size: 190–220 cm (75–87 in) long, plus 45–60 cm (18–24 in) tail[274] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and desert[275] Diet: Grass, herbs, roots, and buds, as well as fruit and vegetables[276]	EW  Unknown [275]

Subfamily Reduncinae

Genus Kobus (Smith, 1840) – five species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Kob	K. kob Erxleben, 1777 Three subspecies K. k. kob (Buffon's kob) K. k. leucotis (White-eared kob) K. k. thomasi (Ugandan kob)	Central and western Africa	Size: 160–180 cm (63–71 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[277] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[278] Diet: Grass[278]	LC  500,000–1,000,000 [278]
Lechwe	K. leche Gray, 1850 Four subspecies K. l. kafuensis (Kafue lechwe) K. l. leche (Red lechwe) K. l. robertsi (Roberts' lechwe) K. l. smithemani (Black lechwe)	Scattered southern Africa	Size: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[279] Habitat: Forest, grassland, and inland wetlands[280] Diet: Floodplain and aquatic grass[280]	NT  Unknown [280]
Nile lechwe	K. megaceros Fitzinger, 1855	South Sudan and Ethiopia	Size: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long, plus 45–50 cm (18–20 in) tail[281] Habitat: Grassland and inland wetlands[282] Diet: Grass and water plants[283]	EN  Unknown [282]
Puku	K. vardonii Livingstone, 1857 Two subspecies K. v. senganus K. v. vardonii	Scattered south-central Africa	Size: 126–142 cm (50–56 in) long[284] Habitat: Savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[285] Diet: Grass[284]	NT  Unknown [285]
Waterbuck	K. ellipsiprymnus Ogilby, 1833 Thirteen subspecies K. e. adolfifriderici K. e. annectens K. e. crawshayi (Crawshay defassa waterbuck) K. e. defassa K. e. ellipsiprymnus K. e. harnieri K. e. kondensis K. e. pallidus K. e. penricei (Angolan defassa waterbuck) K. e. thikae K. e. tjaederi K. e. tschadensis K. e. unctuosus	Sub-Saharan Africa (ellipsiprymnus, kondensis, pallidus, and thikae in yellow)	Size: 177–235 cm (70–93 in) long[286] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[287] Diet: Grass and shrubs[287]	LC  Unknown [287]

Genus Pelea (Gray, 1851) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Grey rhebok	P. capreolus Forster, 1790	Southern Africa	Size: 115–125 cm (45–49 in) long[288] Habitat: Savanna and grassland[289] Diet: Shrubs and forbs[289]	NT  Unknown [289]

Genus Redunca (H. Smith, 1827) – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bohor reedbuck	R. redunca Pallas, 1767 Seven subspecies R. r. bohor (Abyssinian bohor reedbuck) R. r. cottoni R. r. nigeriensis R. r. redunca R. r. wardi	Central Africa	Size: 100–135 cm (39–53 in) long[290] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[291] Diet: Grass[291]	LC  Unknown [291]
Mountain reedbuck	R. fulvorufula Afzelius, 1815 Three subspecies R. f. adamauae (Adamawa mountain reedbuck) R. f. chanleri (Chanler's mountain reedbuck) R. f. fulvorufula (Southern mountain reedbuck)	Separated central, eastern, and southern Africa	Size: 100–124 cm (39–49 in) long, plus 13–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[292] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[293] Diet: Grass[293]	EN  Unknown [293]
Southern reedbuck	R. arundinum Boddaert, 1785	Southern Africa	Size: 134–167 cm (53–66 in) long[294] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[295] Diet: Grass, as well as herbs and shrubs[295]	LC  Unknown [295]

Notes

References

Sources

• Castelló, José R. (2016). Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16717-6.
• Harris, Tim (2018). The Encyclopedia of Animals. Chartwell Books. ISBN 978-0-7858-3646-9.
• Kingdon, Jonathan (2013). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4081-7481-4.
• Kingdon, Jonathan (2020). The Kingdon Pocket Guide to African Mammals (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4729-8320-6.
• Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan, eds. (2013). Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4688-7.

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