bio.wikisort.org - AnimalThe smoothback angelshark (Squatina oculata) is an angelshark of the family Squatinidae found in the eastern Atlantic.
Species of shark
Smoothback angelshark |
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Conservation status |
 Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1] |
Scientific classification  |
Kingdom: |
Animalia |
Phylum: |
Chordata |
Class: |
Chondrichthyes |
Superorder: |
Selachimorpha |
Order: |
Squatiniformes |
Family: |
Squatinidae |
Genus: |
Squatina |
Species: |
S. oculata |
Binomial name |
Squatina oculata
Bonaparte, 1840 |
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Range of smoothback angelshark (in blue) |
Sharks portal
Description
The smoothback angelshark can reach a length of up to 1.6 metres. As with other angelsharks, its body is flattened by very wide pectoral fins, giving it the appearance of a long ray. Unlike in rays, however, the pectoral fins are clearly separated from the body. They have two dorsal fins and no anal fin. The shark is grey-brown with small, round black and white spots and a distinctive white neck spot. The bases and tips of the pectoral fins have symmetrical dark spots, as well as the base of the tail and the lower edge of the dorsal fins. Eyespots with white edges may be present. The outer edges of the dorsal and caudal fins are white, those of the thoracic and pelvic fins dark. Enlarged spines are located in the snout area and around the eyes, but not on the back.
The eyes are on the top of the head with a strong concave surface between them. The outer nostrils are covered with short barbels. The spiracles are large. There are five lateral, lower gill openings. The nasal valves are either only slightly fringed or smoothly edged, the barbels either forked or lobed.
Distribution
The smoothback angelshark is found on Africa's western coast down to Namibia, as well as in the Mediterranean. It lives in the outer margins of the continental shelf at depths between 20 and 500 meters, although it usually resides in depths above 100 meters.
Biology
The data for the biology of this species is limited. It is known to feed on small sharks, bony fish, cephalopods and crabs. Like all angelsharks it is ovoviviparous. The pups are 24–27 centimetres long at birth.
Threats and relationship with humans
The smoothback angelshark is critically endangered. Like the sawback angelshark (Squatina aculeata) found in the same habitat, this species used to be very common. It is most threatened by the intensive fishing in coastal areas and continental shelves by drift nets, gillnets and longlines, which affects most of its range off the African coast. The sharks are caught as by-catch, causing the stock to plummet dramatically in the last 50 years. The species has therefore disappeared in large areas of the northern Mediterranean and in African coastal waters. Together with two related species, the sawback angelshark and the angelshark, the Portuguese fisheries authorities in the area off Morocco and Mauritania saw a fall of 95% between 1990 and 1998. The pressure of fisheries on the species distribution is likely to intensify in the future.
References
- Morey, G, Barker, J., Bartolí, A., Gordon, C., Hood, A., Meyers, E.K.M. & Pollom, R. (2019). Squatina oculata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T61418A116782036.en
Further reading
- Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Squatina oculata" in FishBase. July 2006 version.
- Compagno; Dando & Fowler (2005). Sharks of the World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12072-2.
Extant shark species |
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- Kingdom Animalia
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- Class Chondrichthyes
- Subclass Elasmobranchii
- Subdivision Selachii
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Order Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks) |
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Hemigaleidae (Weasel sharks) | Hemipristis | |
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Chaenogaleus |
- Hooktooth shark (C. macrostoma)
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Hemigaleus | |
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Paragaleus | |
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Leptochariidae | Leptocharias |
- Barbeled houndshark (L. smithii)
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Proscylliidae (Finback sharks) | Ctenacis | |
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Eridacnis | |
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Proscyllium |
- Graceful catshark (P. habereri)
- P. venustum
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Pseudotriakidae | Gollum |
- Slender smooth-hound (G. attenuatus)
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Pseudotriakis |
- False catshark (P. microdon)
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Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead sharks) | Eusphyra |
- Winghead shark (E. blochii)
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Sphyrna | |
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Triakidae (Houndsharks) | Furgaleus |
- Whiskery shark (F. macki)
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Galeorhinus | |
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Gogolia | |
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Hemitriakis | |
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Hypogaleus | |
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Iago | |
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Mustelus (Smooth-hounds) | |
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Scylliogaleus |
- Flapnose houndshark (S. quecketti)
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Triakis | |
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Carcharhinidae |
- Large family listed below
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Scyliorhinidae |
- Large family listed below
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Family Carcharhinidae (Requiem sharks) |
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Carcharhinus | |
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Galeocerdo | |
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Glyphis (River sharks) | |
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Isogomphodon | |
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Lamiopsis |
- Broadfin shark (L. temminckii)
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Loxodon | |
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Nasolamia | |
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Negaprion | |
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Prionace | |
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Rhizoprionodon | |
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Scoliodon |
- Spadenose shark (S. laticaudus)
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Triaenodon |
- Whitetip reef shark (T. obesus)
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Family Scyliorhinidae (Catsharks) |
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Apristurus | |
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Asymbolus |
- Australian spotted catshark (A. analis)
- A. funebris
- Western spotted catshark (A. occiduus)
- Pale spotted catshark (A. pallidus)
- A. parvus
- A. rubiginosus
- Variegated catshark (A. submaculatus)
- Gulf catshark (A. vincenti)
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Atelomycterus |
- A. baliensis
- Banded sand catshark (A. fasciatus)
- Australian marbled catshark (A. macleayi)
- Coral catshark (A. marmoratus)
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Aulohalaelurus | |
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Cephaloscyllium |
- Whitefin swellshark (C. albipinnum)
- Circle-blotch pygmy swellshark (C. circulopullum)
- Cook's swellshark (C. cooki)
- Reticulated swellshark (C. fasciatum)
- Formosa swellshark (C. formosanum)
- Australian reticulate swellshark (C. hicosellum)
- Draughtsboard shark (C. isabellum)
- Australian swellshark (C. laticeps)
- Spotted swellshark (C. maculatum)
- Leopard-spotted swellshark (C. pardelotum)
- Painted swellshark (C. pictum)
- Sarawak pygmy swellshark (C. sarawakensis)
- Flagtail swellshark (C. signourum)
- Indian swellshark (C. silasi)
- Speckled swellshark (C. speccum)
- Balloon shark (C. sufflans)
- Blotchy swellshark (C. umbratile)
- Saddled swellshark (C. variegatum)
- Swellshark (C. ventriosum)
- Narrowbar swellshark (C. zebrum)
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Cephalurus | |
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Figaro |
- Australian sawtail catshark (F. boardmani)
- Northern sawtail catshark (F. striatus)
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Galeus | |
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Halaelurus | |
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Haploblepharus |
- Puffadder shyshark (H. edwardsii)
- Brown shyshark (H. fuscus)
- Natal shyshark (H. kistnasamyi)
- Dark shyshark (H. pictus)
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Holohalaelurus |
- H. favus
- H. grennian
- Crying izak (H. melanostigma)
- African spotted catshark (H. punctatus)
- Izak catshark (H. regani)
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Parmaturus | |
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Pentanchus | |
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Poroderma |
- Pyjama catshark (P. africanum)
- Leopard catshark (P. pantherinum)
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Schroederichthys | |
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Scyliorhinus | |
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Order Echinorhiniformes (Bramble sharks) |
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Order Heterodontiformes (Bullhead sharks) |
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Order Hexanchiformes |
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Chlamydoselachidae | Chlamydoselachus |
- Frilled shark (C. anguineus)
- Southern African frilled shark (C. africana)
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Hexanchidae (Cow sharks) | Heptranchias |
- Sharpnose sevengill shark (H. perlo)
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Hexanchus |
- Bluntnose sixgill shark (H. griseus)
- Bigeyed sixgill shark (H. nakamurai)
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Notorynchus | |
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Order Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks) |
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Alopiidae | Alopias (Thresher sharks) | |
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Cetorhinidae | Cetorhinus |
- Basking shark (C. maximus)
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Lamnidae | Carcharodon |
- Great white shark (C. carcharias)
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Isurus | |
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Lamna | |
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Megachasmidae | Megachasma |
- Megamouth shark (M. pelagios)
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Mitsukurinidae | |
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Odontaspididae | Carcharias |
- Grey nurse shark (C. taurus)
- Indian sand tiger (C. tricuspidatus)
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Odontaspis | |
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Pseudocarchariidae | Pseudocarcharias |
- Crocodile shark (P. kamoharai)
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Order Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks) |
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Brachaeluridae | Brachaelurus | |
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Heteroscyllium |
- Bluegrey carpetshark (H. colcloughi)
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Ginglymostomatidae (Nurse sharks) | |
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Hemiscylliidae (Bamboo sharks) | Chiloscyllium | |
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Hemiscyllium | |
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Orectolobidae (Wobbegongs) | Eucrossorhinus |
- Tasselled wobbegong (E. dasypogon)
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Orectolobus | |
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Sutorectus |
- Cobbler wobbegong (S. tentaculatus)
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Parascylliidae (Collared carpet sharks) | Cirrhoscyllium | |
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Parascyllium |
- Collared carpetshark (P. collare)
- Rusty carpetshark (P. ferrugineum)
- Ginger carpetshark (P. sparsimaculatum)
- Necklace carpetshark (P. variolatum)
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Rhincodontidae | |
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Stegostomatidae | |
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Order Pristiophoriformes (Sawsharks) |
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Pristiophoridae | Pliotrema |
- Sixgill sawshark (P. warreni)
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Pristiophorus | |
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Order Squaliformes |
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Centrophoridae (Gulper sharks) | |
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Dalatiidae | Euprotomicroides |
- Taillight shark (E. zantedeschia)
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Heteroscymnoides |
- Longnose pygmy shark (H. marleyi)
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Mollisquama | |
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Dalatias | |
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Isistius |
- Cookiecutter shark (I. brasiliensis)
- South China cookiecutter shark (I. labialis)
- Largetooth cookiecutter shark (I. plutodus)
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Euprotomicrus |
- Pygmy shark (E. bispinatus)
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Squaliolus |
- Smalleye pygmy shark (S. aliae)
- Spined pygmy shark (S. laticaudus)
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Etmopteridae | Aculeola |
- Hooktooth dogfish (A. nigra)
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Centroscyllium |
- Highfin dogfish (C. excelsum)
- Black dogfish (C. fabricii)
- Granular dogfish (C. granulatum)
- Bareskin dogfish (C. kamoharai)
- Combtooth dogfish (C. nigrum)
- Ornate dogfish (C. ornatum)
- Whitefin dogfish (C. ritteri)
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Etmopterus (Lantern sharks) |
- New Zealand lanternshark (E. baxteri)
- Blurred lanternshark (E. bigelowi)
- Shorttail lanternshark (E. brachyurus)
- Lined lanternshark (E. bullisi)
- E. burgessi
- Cylindrical lanternshark (E. carteri)
- Tailspot lanternshark (E. caudistigmus)
- Combtooth lanternshark (E. decacuspidatus)
- Pink lanternshark (E. dianthus)
- E. dislineatus
- Blackmouth lanternshark (E. evansi)
- Pygmy lanternshark (E. fusus)
- Broadbanded lanternshark (E. gracilispinis)
- Southern lanternshark (E. granulosus)
- Caribbean lanternshark (E. hillianus)
- Smalleye lantern shark (E. litvinovi)
- Blackbelly lanternshark (E. lucifer)
- Slendertail lanternshark (E. molleri)
- Dwarf lanternshark (E. perryi)
- African lanternshark (E. polli)
- Great lanternshark (E. princeps)
- False lanternshark (E. pseudosqualiolus)
- Smooth lanternshark (E. pusillus)
- Dense-scale lantern shark (E. pycnolepis)
- West Indian lanternshark (E. robinsi)
- Fringefin lanternshark (E. schultzi)
- Thorny lanternshark (E. sentosus)
- Velvet belly lantern shark (E. spinax)
- Splendid lanternshark (E. splendidus)
- Tasmanian lanternshark (E. tasmaniensis)
- Brown lanternshark (E. unicolor)
- Hawaiian lanternshark (E. villosus)
- Green lanternshark (E. virens)
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Miroscyllium |
- Rasptooth dogfish (M. sheikoi)
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Trigonognathus | |
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Oxynotidae (Rough sharks) | |
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Somniosidae (Sleeper sharks) | Centroscymnus | |
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Centroselachus | |
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Proscymnodon |
- Largespine velvet dogfish (P. macracanthus)
- Plunket shark (P. plunketi)
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Scymnodalatias |
- Whitetail dogfish (S. albicauda)
- Azores dogfish (S. garricki)
- Sparsetooth dogfish (S. oligodon)
- Sherwood dogfish (S. sherwoodi)
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Scymnodon |
- Smallmouth velvet dogfish (S. obscurus)
- Knifetooth dogfish (S. ringens)
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Somniosus | |
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Zameus | |
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Squalidae (Dogfish sharks) | Cirrhigaleus |
- Roughskin spurdog (C. asper)
- Mandarin dogfish (C. barbifer)
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Squalus (Spurdogs) |
- Spiny dogfish (S. acanthias)
- Eastern highfin spurdog (S. albifrons)
- S. acutirostris
- Western highfin spurdog (S. altipinnis)
- Longnose spurdog (S. blainville)
- Fatspine spurdog (S. crassispinus)
- Cuban dogfish (S. cubensis)
- Eastern longnose spurdog (S. grahami)
- Japanese spurdog (S. japonicus)
- Shortnose spurdog (S. megalops)
- Blacktailed spurdog (S. melanurus)
- Shortspine spurdog (S. mitsukurii)
- Bartail spurdog (S. notocaudatus)
- Western longnose spurdog (S. nasutus)
- Cyrano spurdog (S. rancureli)
- Pacific spiny dogfish (S. suckleyi)
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Order Squatiniformes (Angel sharks) |
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На других языках
- [en] Smoothback angelshark
[ru] Глазчатый морской ангел
Глазчатый морской ангел[1], или средиземноморский морской ангел[2] (лат. Squatina oculata) — вид рода плоскотелых акул одноимённого семейства отряда скватинообразных. Эти акулы встречаются в восточной части Атлантического океана на глубине до 494 м. Максимальная зарегистрированная длина 108 см. У них уплощённые голова и тело, внешне они похожи на скатов, но в отличие от последних жабры скватин расположены по бокам туловища и рот находится в передней части рыла, а не на вентральной поверхности. Эти акулы размножаются путём яйцеживорождения. Рацион состоит из небольших рыб и беспозвоночных. Представляют незначительный интерес для коммерческого рыбного промысла[3].
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