bio.wikisort.org - AnimalThe dusky smooth-hound (Mustelus canis), also called the smooth dogfish or the dog shark, is a species of houndshark in the family Triakidae.[1] This shark is an olive grey or brown in color, and may have shades of yellow or grayish white. Females live to 16 years and males have a lifespan of 10 years. M. canis was the first shark recognised to have viral infections.[2]
Species of shark
Dusky smooth-hound |
 |
 |
Conservation status |
 Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1] |
Scientific classification  |
Kingdom: |
Animalia |
Phylum: |
Chordata |
Class: |
Chondrichthyes |
Superorder: |
Selachimorpha |
Order: |
Carcharhiniformes |
Family: |
Triakidae |
Genus: |
Mustelus |
Species: |
M. canis |
Binomial name |
Mustelus canis
(Mitchill, 1815) |
 |
Range of the dusky smooth-hound |
Synonyms |
Allomycter dissutus Guitart Manday, 1972
Mustelus canis insularis Heemstra, 1997
Squalus canis Mitchill, 1815 |
Taxonomy
M. canis can be known as smooth dogfish, Atlantic smooth dogfish, dusky smooth-hound, grayish, nurse shark, smooth dog, or smooth-hound. It was originally named Squalls canis.[3] In Latin, mustelus translates to weasel and canis translates to dog. M. canis has an allopatric relationship with M. mustelus (common smooth-hound) and a sympatric relationship with M. norrisi (narrowfin smooth-hound).[4]
Distribution and habitat
M. canis is found in marine and brackish waters and is demersal (bottom-dwelling) and oceanodromous (migratory in seas). They can be found between 42°N and 44°S and 100 and 46°W.[5] M. canis in the North Atlantic migrates in response to changing temperature. In winter, they can be found in the Carolinas to the outlet of the Chesapeake Bay, and in summer from the mid-Atlantic to southern New England.[6] They are most abundant on the East Coast, from Massachusetts to Florida, Brazil to Argentina, and in the Gulf of Mexico.[3] They are mostly found in waters shallower than 60 ft (18 m), but can be found to 665 ft (200 m) deep.[3]
Anatomy and appearance
Smooth dogfish are relatively small and slender. They have elongated, oval-shaped eyes with a spiracle located directly behind on each side. They have triangular fins.[3] Their first and second dorsal fins are well-serrated and nearly equal in size.[5] The second dorsal fin is slightly smaller than the first and twice as large as the anal fin. The caudal fin has two asymmetrical lobes, the lower is smaller and rounder and the upper has a deep notch.[5] They do not have any fin spines, unlike the spiny dogfish. They have a tapering, blunt snout. They can be gray to brown and their undersides can be white to yellowish gray. Smooth dogfish have the ability to change colors using melanophores to help them camouflage.[3] Newborns have lighter gray edges on their fins and have tail fins edged in white. On average, smooth dogfish are about 48 in long, but can reach up to 5 ft.[3] They have an inter-dorsal ridge.[7]
Dentition
One main characteristic of elasmobranch fishes is their ability to continually replace the teeth in their upper and lower jaws.[8] Smooth dogfish differ from other sharks because of their 10 rows of flat, blunt teeth.[8] The teeth in the upper and lower jaws are similar in size and are asymmetrical with rounded cusps. These teeth are used to crush and grind food, rather than bite it.[8] Their unique dentition is important for their crustacean-based diet.[8]
In smooth dogfish, tooth replacement is related to body growth. They grow about 10 cm per every six rows of teeth replaced. That is an increase of 0.03 mm per replaced tooth. Teeth are replaced at a rate of one row per 10 to 12 days.[8]
Diet
M. canis feeds mostly on crustaceans, polychaetes, and mollusks.[9] Smooth dogfish also eat squid, worms, small fish, razor clams, and occasionally garbage.[10] They are nocturnal scavengers and opportunistic predators.[3] Their nocturnal activity helps them to take advantage of concentrations of crustacean prey.[9]
Reproduction
The mating season of smooth dogfish is from May to June. They are viviparous and have a yolk-sac placenta. Females can store sperm up to a year, but how long it can be used is not known.[3] Their gestation period is 10 to 11 months and litters can be between four and 20 pups. The pups are 13 to 15 in (34 to 39 cm) long when born.[5] Males reach sexual maturity between 2 and 3 years or 68 and 93 cm in length. Females reach sexual maturity between 4 and 5 years or 70 and 130 cm in length.[5] Smooth dogfish have a relatively low population doubling time of 4.5 to 14 years.[5] Because of their late maturation, low fecundity, and restricted distributions, they are still more vulnerable to overfishing than teleost fishes.[11]
Juvenile females have filiform uteri, small ovaries with undifferentiated oocyctes, egg cells, and narrow, thread-like oviducts with undeveloped oviducal glands. Adolescents have enlarged oviducal glands with distinguishable oocytes and no or few corpora lutea. Adults have large ovaries and vitellogenic oocytes. Spermatozoa has been observed in preovulatory females.[11]
Juvenile males have soft, small claspers and undeveloped testes with straight, thread-like ampullae ductus deferens. Adolescents' testes have increased weight and claspers are extended and calcified, but are still flexible. Adults have fully formed and calcified claspers and large and developed testes.[11]
Relationship to humans
Commercial fisheries have had an increased interest in smooth dogfish since the 1900s.[6] They are caught using longlines and bottom trawls primarily off of Massachusetts, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina.[3] Mostly, they are considered bycatch when fishing for other species, which has put them in the near-threatened category by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[5] They are no danger to humans because of their blunt teeth.[3]
Tonic immobility
Tonic immobility has been reported in several cartilaginous fishes, one of which is M. canis. [12] Tonic immobility is induced by grasping the first dorsal fin with one hand and the body immediately anterior to the anal fin with the other, inverting the shark and holding it rigidly. The mean time to induce tonic immobility in smooth dogfish was 32.5 seconds. The mean duration of the tonic immobility was 61.9 seconds. Sharks that had the "limp" response also exhibited tonic immobility. The "limp" response is a criterion for the onset of tonic immobility.[12]
References
- Carlson, J.; Charvet, P.; Blanco-Parra, MP, Briones Bell-lloch, A.; Cardenosa, D.; Derrick, D.; Espinoza, E.; Morales-Saldaña, J.M.; Naranjo-Elizondo, B.; Pacoureau, N.; Pérez Jiménez, J.C.; Schneider, E.V.C.; Simpson, N.J.; Talwar, B.S.; Pollom, R. (2021). "Mustelus canis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39359A2908200. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39359A2908200.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Leibovitz, L. & Lebouitz, S. S. (1985). "A viral dermatitis of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis (Mitchill)". Journal of Fish Diseases. 8 (3): 273–279. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1985.tb00943.x.
- "Mustelus canis :: Florida Museum of Natural History". www.flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
- "Mustelus canis summary page". FishBase. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
- "Smooth Dogfishes, Mustelus canis". MarineBio.org. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
- Conrath, C.L.; Musick, J.A. (2002). "Reproductive biology of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis, in the northwest Atlantic Ocean" (PDF). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 64 (4): 367–377. doi:10.1023/A:1016117415855. S2CID 24065134.
- "SMOOTH DOGFISH (Mustelus canis)". nefsc.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2016-04-04.
- Moss, S. A. (1972). "Tooth Replacement and Body Growth Rates in the Smooth Dogfish, Mustelus canis (Mitchell)". Copeia. 1972 (4): 808–811. doi:10.2307/1442738. JSTOR 1442738.
- Rountree, R. A.; Able, K. W. (1996). "Seasonal abundance, growth, and foraging habits of juvenile smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis, in a New Jersey estuary" (PDF). Fishery Bulletin. 94 (3): 522–534.
- "Dusky smoothhound photo – Mustelus canis – G97295". ARKive. Archived from the original on 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2016-04-04.
- Zagaglia, C. R.; Damiano, C.; Hazin, F. V.; Broadhurst, M. K. (2011). "Reproduction in Mustelus canis (Chondrichthyes: Triakidae) from an unexploited population off northern Brazil". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 27 (1): 25–29. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01573.x.
- Whitman, P. A.; Marshall, J.A.; Keller, E. C. (1986). "Tonic immobility in the smooth dogfish shark, Mutelus canis (Pisces, Carcharhinidae)". Copeia. 1986 (3): 829–832. doi:10.2307/1444973. JSTOR 1444973.
External links
Extant shark species |
---|
- Kingdom Animalia
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- Class Chondrichthyes
- Subclass Elasmobranchii
- Subdivision Selachii
|
Order Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks) |
---|
Hemigaleidae (Weasel sharks) | Hemipristis | |
---|
Chaenogaleus |
- Hooktooth shark (C. macrostoma)
|
---|
Hemigaleus | |
---|
Paragaleus | |
---|
|
---|
Leptochariidae | Leptocharias |
- Barbeled houndshark (L. smithii)
|
---|
|
---|
Proscylliidae (Finback sharks) | Ctenacis | |
---|
Eridacnis | |
---|
Proscyllium |
- Graceful catshark (P. habereri)
- P. venustum
|
---|
|
---|
Pseudotriakidae | Gollum |
- Slender smooth-hound (G. attenuatus)
|
---|
Pseudotriakis |
- False catshark (P. microdon)
|
---|
|
---|
Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead sharks) | Eusphyra |
- Winghead shark (E. blochii)
|
---|
Sphyrna | |
---|
|
---|
Triakidae (Houndsharks) | Furgaleus |
- Whiskery shark (F. macki)
|
---|
Galeorhinus | |
---|
Gogolia | |
---|
Hemitriakis | |
---|
Hypogaleus | |
---|
Iago | |
---|
Mustelus (Smooth-hounds) | |
---|
Scylliogaleus |
- Flapnose houndshark (S. quecketti)
|
---|
Triakis | |
---|
|
---|
Carcharhinidae |
- Large family listed below
|
---|
Scyliorhinidae |
- Large family listed below
|
---|
|
|
Family Carcharhinidae (Requiem sharks) |
---|
Carcharhinus | |
---|
Galeocerdo | |
---|
Glyphis (River sharks) | |
---|
Isogomphodon | |
---|
Lamiopsis |
- Broadfin shark (L. temminckii)
|
---|
Loxodon | |
---|
Nasolamia | |
---|
Negaprion | |
---|
Prionace | |
---|
Rhizoprionodon | |
---|
Scoliodon |
- Spadenose shark (S. laticaudus)
|
---|
Triaenodon |
- Whitetip reef shark (T. obesus)
|
---|
|
|
Family Scyliorhinidae (Catsharks) |
---|
Apristurus | |
---|
Asymbolus |
- Australian spotted catshark (A. analis)
- A. funebris
- Western spotted catshark (A. occiduus)
- Pale spotted catshark (A. pallidus)
- A. parvus
- A. rubiginosus
- Variegated catshark (A. submaculatus)
- Gulf catshark (A. vincenti)
|
---|
Atelomycterus |
- A. baliensis
- Banded sand catshark (A. fasciatus)
- Australian marbled catshark (A. macleayi)
- Coral catshark (A. marmoratus)
|
---|
Aulohalaelurus | |
---|
Cephaloscyllium |
- Whitefin swellshark (C. albipinnum)
- Circle-blotch pygmy swellshark (C. circulopullum)
- Cook's swellshark (C. cooki)
- Reticulated swellshark (C. fasciatum)
- Formosa swellshark (C. formosanum)
- Australian reticulate swellshark (C. hicosellum)
- Draughtsboard shark (C. isabellum)
- Australian swellshark (C. laticeps)
- Spotted swellshark (C. maculatum)
- Leopard-spotted swellshark (C. pardelotum)
- Painted swellshark (C. pictum)
- Sarawak pygmy swellshark (C. sarawakensis)
- Flagtail swellshark (C. signourum)
- Indian swellshark (C. silasi)
- Speckled swellshark (C. speccum)
- Balloon shark (C. sufflans)
- Blotchy swellshark (C. umbratile)
- Saddled swellshark (C. variegatum)
- Swellshark (C. ventriosum)
- Narrowbar swellshark (C. zebrum)
|
---|
Cephalurus | |
---|
Figaro |
- Australian sawtail catshark (F. boardmani)
- Northern sawtail catshark (F. striatus)
|
---|
Galeus | |
---|
Halaelurus | |
---|
Haploblepharus |
- Puffadder shyshark (H. edwardsii)
- Brown shyshark (H. fuscus)
- Natal shyshark (H. kistnasamyi)
- Dark shyshark (H. pictus)
|
---|
Holohalaelurus |
- H. favus
- H. grennian
- Crying izak (H. melanostigma)
- African spotted catshark (H. punctatus)
- Izak catshark (H. regani)
|
---|
Parmaturus | |
---|
Pentanchus | |
---|
Poroderma |
- Pyjama catshark (P. africanum)
- Leopard catshark (P. pantherinum)
|
---|
Schroederichthys | |
---|
Scyliorhinus | |
---|
|
|
Order Echinorhiniformes (Bramble sharks) |
---|
|
|
Order Heterodontiformes (Bullhead sharks) |
---|
|
|
Order Hexanchiformes |
---|
Chlamydoselachidae | Chlamydoselachus |
- Frilled shark (C. anguineus)
- Southern African frilled shark (C. africana)
|
---|
|
---|
Hexanchidae (Cow sharks) | Heptranchias |
- Sharpnose sevengill shark (H. perlo)
|
---|
Hexanchus |
- Bluntnose sixgill shark (H. griseus)
- Bigeyed sixgill shark (H. nakamurai)
|
---|
Notorynchus | |
---|
|
---|
|
|
Order Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks) |
---|
Alopiidae | Alopias (Thresher sharks) | |
---|
|
---|
Cetorhinidae | Cetorhinus |
- Basking shark (C. maximus)
|
---|
|
---|
Lamnidae | Carcharodon |
- Great white shark (C. carcharias)
|
---|
Isurus | |
---|
Lamna | |
---|
|
---|
Megachasmidae | Megachasma |
- Megamouth shark (M. pelagios)
|
---|
|
---|
Mitsukurinidae | |
---|
Odontaspididae | Carcharias |
- Grey nurse shark (C. taurus)
- Indian sand tiger (C. tricuspidatus)
|
---|
Odontaspis | |
---|
|
---|
Pseudocarchariidae | Pseudocarcharias |
- Crocodile shark (P. kamoharai)
|
---|
|
---|
|
|
Order Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks) |
---|
Brachaeluridae | Brachaelurus | |
---|
Heteroscyllium |
- Bluegrey carpetshark (H. colcloughi)
|
---|
|
---|
Ginglymostomatidae (Nurse sharks) | |
---|
Hemiscylliidae (Bamboo sharks) | Chiloscyllium | |
---|
Hemiscyllium | |
---|
|
---|
Orectolobidae (Wobbegongs) | Eucrossorhinus |
- Tasselled wobbegong (E. dasypogon)
|
---|
Orectolobus | |
---|
Sutorectus |
- Cobbler wobbegong (S. tentaculatus)
|
---|
|
---|
Parascylliidae (Collared carpet sharks) | Cirrhoscyllium | |
---|
Parascyllium |
- Collared carpetshark (P. collare)
- Rusty carpetshark (P. ferrugineum)
- Ginger carpetshark (P. sparsimaculatum)
- Necklace carpetshark (P. variolatum)
|
---|
|
---|
Rhincodontidae | |
---|
Stegostomatidae | |
---|
|
|
Order Pristiophoriformes (Sawsharks) |
---|
Pristiophoridae | Pliotrema |
- Sixgill sawshark (P. warreni)
|
---|
Pristiophorus | |
---|
|
---|
|
|
Order Squaliformes |
---|
Centrophoridae (Gulper sharks) | |
---|
Dalatiidae | Euprotomicroides |
- Taillight shark (E. zantedeschia)
|
---|
Heteroscymnoides |
- Longnose pygmy shark (H. marleyi)
|
---|
Mollisquama | |
---|
Dalatias | |
---|
Isistius |
- Cookiecutter shark (I. brasiliensis)
- South China cookiecutter shark (I. labialis)
- Largetooth cookiecutter shark (I. plutodus)
|
---|
Euprotomicrus |
- Pygmy shark (E. bispinatus)
|
---|
Squaliolus |
- Smalleye pygmy shark (S. aliae)
- Spined pygmy shark (S. laticaudus)
|
---|
|
---|
Etmopteridae | Aculeola |
- Hooktooth dogfish (A. nigra)
|
---|
Centroscyllium |
- Highfin dogfish (C. excelsum)
- Black dogfish (C. fabricii)
- Granular dogfish (C. granulatum)
- Bareskin dogfish (C. kamoharai)
- Combtooth dogfish (C. nigrum)
- Ornate dogfish (C. ornatum)
- Whitefin dogfish (C. ritteri)
|
---|
Etmopterus (Lantern sharks) |
- New Zealand lanternshark (E. baxteri)
- Blurred lanternshark (E. bigelowi)
- Shorttail lanternshark (E. brachyurus)
- Lined lanternshark (E. bullisi)
- E. burgessi
- Cylindrical lanternshark (E. carteri)
- Tailspot lanternshark (E. caudistigmus)
- Combtooth lanternshark (E. decacuspidatus)
- Pink lanternshark (E. dianthus)
- E. dislineatus
- Blackmouth lanternshark (E. evansi)
- Pygmy lanternshark (E. fusus)
- Broadbanded lanternshark (E. gracilispinis)
- Southern lanternshark (E. granulosus)
- Caribbean lanternshark (E. hillianus)
- Smalleye lantern shark (E. litvinovi)
- Blackbelly lanternshark (E. lucifer)
- Slendertail lanternshark (E. molleri)
- Dwarf lanternshark (E. perryi)
- African lanternshark (E. polli)
- Great lanternshark (E. princeps)
- False lanternshark (E. pseudosqualiolus)
- Smooth lanternshark (E. pusillus)
- Dense-scale lantern shark (E. pycnolepis)
- West Indian lanternshark (E. robinsi)
- Fringefin lanternshark (E. schultzi)
- Thorny lanternshark (E. sentosus)
- Velvet belly lantern shark (E. spinax)
- Splendid lanternshark (E. splendidus)
- Tasmanian lanternshark (E. tasmaniensis)
- Brown lanternshark (E. unicolor)
- Hawaiian lanternshark (E. villosus)
- Green lanternshark (E. virens)
|
---|
Miroscyllium |
- Rasptooth dogfish (M. sheikoi)
|
---|
Trigonognathus | |
---|
|
---|
Oxynotidae (Rough sharks) | |
---|
Somniosidae (Sleeper sharks) | Centroscymnus | |
---|
Centroselachus | |
---|
Proscymnodon |
- Largespine velvet dogfish (P. macracanthus)
- Plunket shark (P. plunketi)
|
---|
Scymnodalatias |
- Whitetail dogfish (S. albicauda)
- Azores dogfish (S. garricki)
- Sparsetooth dogfish (S. oligodon)
- Sherwood dogfish (S. sherwoodi)
|
---|
Scymnodon |
- Smallmouth velvet dogfish (S. obscurus)
- Knifetooth dogfish (S. ringens)
|
---|
Somniosus | |
---|
Zameus | |
---|
|
---|
Squalidae (Dogfish sharks) | Cirrhigaleus |
- Roughskin spurdog (C. asper)
- Mandarin dogfish (C. barbifer)
|
---|
Squalus (Spurdogs) |
- Spiny dogfish (S. acanthias)
- Eastern highfin spurdog (S. albifrons)
- S. acutirostris
- Western highfin spurdog (S. altipinnis)
- Longnose spurdog (S. blainville)
- Fatspine spurdog (S. crassispinus)
- Cuban dogfish (S. cubensis)
- Eastern longnose spurdog (S. grahami)
- Japanese spurdog (S. japonicus)
- Shortnose spurdog (S. megalops)
- Blacktailed spurdog (S. melanurus)
- Shortspine spurdog (S. mitsukurii)
- Bartail spurdog (S. notocaudatus)
- Western longnose spurdog (S. nasutus)
- Cyrano spurdog (S. rancureli)
- Pacific spiny dogfish (S. suckleyi)
|
---|
|
---|
|
|
Order Squatiniformes (Angel sharks) |
---|
|
|
Authority control: National libraries  | |
---|
На других языках
- [en] Dusky smooth-hound
[es] Mustelus canis
La musola pintada (Mustelus canis) es una especie de tiburón de la familia Triakidae. Es de color gris oliva o marrón, y puede presentar tonos amarillos o blancos grisáceos. Las hembras llegan a vivir dieciséis años y los machos, diez. Esta musola fue el primer tiburón en el que se diagnosticó una infección viral.[1]
[ru] Американская кунья акула
Американская кунья акула, или американская собачья акула[1] (лат. Mustelus canis) — вид хрящевых рыб рода обыкновенных куньих акул семейства куньих акул отряда кархаринообразных. Обитает в западной части Атлантического океана. Размножается плацентарным живорождением. Максимальная зафиксированная длина 150 см. Опасности для человека не представляет. Рацион состоит в основном из ракообразных. Мясо этих акул употребляют в пищу.
Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.
Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
2019-2025
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии