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This list of South American animals extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 12,000 years on the South American continent.

Map of South America
Map of South America

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.


Mammals



Possible


N.B.: These animals were identified "from Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene" deposits in Brazil[1][2] and Argentina,[3] but without direct Holocene datation.
Extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range Image
Ahytherium aureum Bahia, Brazil
Northern glyptodont
Glyptotherium sp.		 Florida and Texas to northeastern Brazil
Holmesina majus Minas Gerais and Ceará, Brazil
Lestodon armatus Southern Brazil
Giant capybara
Neochoerus sp.		 Middle Brazil
Nothrotherium maquinense Eastern Brazil
Pachyarmatherium brasiliense Eastern Brazil
Pampatherium sp. Brazil
Panochthus tuberculatus Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Xenorhinotherium bahiense North and east South America

Prehistoric


Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Dire wolf
Aenocyon dirus		 7320-6840 BCE[4] North America and western South America
Antifer ultra c. 7950 BCE[5] Río de la Plata Basin and central Chile
Arctotherium tarijense 8470-8320 BCE[6] Argentina
Arctotherium wingei 14825-6840 BCE[7] Northeastern South America
Catonyx cuvieri 7830-7430 BCE[6] Eastern South America
Highland gomphothere
Cuvieronius hyodon		 9790 BCE[8] Northern and central Andes
Club-tailed glyptodont
Doedicurus clavicaudatus		 4765-4445 BCE[9] South American Pampas
Equus neogeus 6660-4880 BCE[10] South America
Panamerican ground sloth
Eremotherium laurillardi		 7800-7740 BCE[11] Southern United States to Brazil
Eutatus seguini 6389-6060 BCE[12] Northern Argentina and Uruguay
Glossotherium sp. 6810-6650 BCE[10] South America
Glyptodon sp.[upper-alpha 1] 6660-4880 BCE[10] Eastern South America
Hippidion saldiasi 8059 BCE[14] Eastern South America
Hoplophorus euphractus 6660-4880 BCE[10] Eastern Brazil
Macrauchenia patachonica 9381-9281 BCE[15] Southwestern South America
Giant ground sloth
Megatherium americanum		 5270-4310 BCE[9] Temperate South America and the Andes
Morenelaphus brachyceros 8050-5845 BCE[16] Temperate South America
Darwin's ground sloth
Mylodon darwini		 6689 BCE[17] Pampas and Patagonia
Neosclerocalyptus paskoensis 5120 BCE[13] Southern South America
Lowland gomphothere
Notiomastodon platensis		 4170-4050 BCE[18] South America
Stout-legged llama
Palaeolama major		 6660-4880 BCE[10] North and east South America
Patagonian panther
Panthera onca mesembrina		 9705-9545 BCE[6] Patagonia
Propraopus sulcatus 6660-4880 BCE[10] Eastern South America
Scelidodon chiliensis 7160-6760 BCE[10] Western South America
Scelidotherium leptocephalum 5660-5540 BCE[19] Southern South America
South American saber-toothed cat
Smilodon populator		 7330-7030 BCE[10] Eastern South America
Toxodon platensis 4650-1450 BCE[10] South America
Valgipes bucklandi 9110-9030 BCE[20] Intertropical region of Brazil[1]

Recent


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Red-bellied gracile opossum
Cryptonanus ignitus		 1962[21] Jujuy, Argentina
Giant vampire bat
Desmodus draculae		 1675-1755[22] Eastern South America
Falkland Islands wolf
Dusicyon australis		 1876[23] Falkland Islands
Dusicyon avus 1454-1626[24] Argentina and Uruguay
Candango mouse
Juscelinomys candango		 1960[25] Brasilia, Brazil
Galápagos giant rat
Megaoryzomys curioi		 1520-1950[26] Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Caribbean monk seal
Neomonachus tropicalis		 17th century[27] Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico
Darwin's Galápagos mouse
Nesoryzomys darwini		 1930[28] Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Indefatigable Galápagos mouse
Nesoryzomys indefessus		 1934[29] Santa Cruz and Baltra, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Vespucci's giant rat
Noronhomys vespuccii		 1503[30] Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Zuniga's dark rice rat
Melanomys zunigae		 1949[31] Lomas de Atocongo, near Lima, Peru
One-striped opossum
Monodelphis unistriata		 1899[32] Southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina
Pacific degu
Octodon pacificus		 1994[33] Mocha Island, Chile

Birds


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Niceforo's pintail
Anas georgica niceforoi		 1952[34] Central Colombia
Magdalena tinamou
Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius		 1990s[34] Magdalena River Valley, Colombia
Darwin's ground finch
Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris		 1835[34] Floreana and San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Antioquia brown-banded antpitta
Grallaria milleri gilesi		 1878[34] Santa Helena, Antioquia Department, Colombia
Bogotá sunangel
Heliantelus zusii		 1909[34] Northern Andes?
Alagoas foliage-gleaner
Philydor novaesi		 2011[34] Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil
Colombian grebe
Podiceps andinus		 1977[35] Bogotá wetlands, Colombia
San Cristóbal flycatcher
Pyrocephalus dubius		 1987[36] San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Alejandro Selkirk Island firecrown
Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi		 1908[34] Alejandro Selkirk Island?, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Glaucous macaw
Anodorhynchus glaucus		 2001[37] Border area of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay
Letitia's thorntail
Discosura letitiae		 1852[34] Bolivia
Turquoise-throated puffleg
Eriocnemis godini		 1850[38] Northern Ecuador
Eskimo curlew
Numenius borealis		 1939[39] Northwestern Canada and Alaska, and Southern Cone
Sinú parakeet
Pyrrhura subandina		 1949[40] Sinú Valley, Córdoba Department, Colombia


Extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Spix's macaw
Cyanopsitta spixii		 2000[41] Sao Francisco River, Bahia, Brazil
Alagoas curassow
Mitu mitu		 1988[42] Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil 2019[43]

Reptiles


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Pinta Island tortoise
Chelonoidis abingdonii		 2012[44] Pinta, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Floreana giant tortoise
Chelonoidis niger		 c. 1850[45] Floreana, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador

Amphibians


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Maracay harlequin frog
Atelopus vogli		 1957[46] Güey River, Aragua, Venezuela
Spiny-knee leaf frog
Phrynomedusa fimbriata		 1898[47] Paranapiacaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Green and red venter harlequin toad
Atelopus pinangoi		 1997[48] Mérida state, Venezuela
Aragua robber frog
Pristimantis anotis		 1974[49] Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua, Venezuela
Chile Darwin's frog
Rhinoderma rufum		 1981[50] Valparaíso and Biobío Regions, Chile

Fish


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Galápagos damsel
Azurina eupalama		 1982-1983[51] Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Titicaca orestias
Orestias cuvieri		 unknown[52] Lake Titicaca
Greasefish
Rhizosomichthys totae		 1958[53] Tota Lake, Colombia

Echinoderms


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
24-rayed sunstar
Heliaster solaris		 1983[54] Galápagos Islands, Ecuador

Insects


Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Megadytes ducalis Brazil[55]
Rhantus orbignyi Argentina and Brazil[56]

Earthworms


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Rhinodrilus fafner 1912[57] Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Molluscs


Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range Image
Littoridina gaudichaudii Ecuador[58]
Megalobulimus cardosoi Brazil[59]
Tomigerus gibberulus Brazil[60]
Tomigerus turbinatus Brazil[61]


Extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Range
Aylacostoma chloroticum Paraná River[62]

See also



Notes


  1. The species Glyptodon reticulatus is known from the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene of southeast Brazil and Buenos Aires province, Argentina;[3] G. clavipes from southeast Brazil,[2] and G. ornatus from Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia.[13]

References


  1. da Silva, R. C., Berbert-Born, M., Bustamante, D. E. F., Santoro, T. N., Sedor, F., & dos Santos Avilla, L. (2019). Diversity and preservation of Pleistocene tetrapods from caves of southwestern Bahia, Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 90, 233-254.
  2. Ghilardi, A. M., Fernandes, M. A., & Bichuette, M. E. (2011). Megafauna from the Late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits of the Upper Ribeira karst area, southeast Brazil. Quaternary International, 245(2), 369-378.
  3. Fariña, R. A., Vizcaíno, S. F., & Bargo, M. S. (1998). Body mass estimations in Lujanian (late Pleistocene-early Holocene of South America) mammal megafauna. Mastozoología Neotropical, 5(2), 87-108.
  4. Prevosti, F. J., Tonni, E. P., & Bidegain, J. C. (2009). Stratigraphic range of the large canids (Carnivora, Canidae) in South America, and its relevance to quaternary biostratigraphy. Quaternary International, 210(1-2), 76-81.
  5. Labarca, R., & Alcaraz, M. A. (2011). Presencia de Antifer ultra Ameghino (= Antifer niemeyeri Casamiquela)(Artiodactyla, Cervidae) en el Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno temprano de Chile central (30-35° S). Andean geology, 38(1), 156-170.
  6. Haynes, Gary (2009). American megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-8792-9. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  7. Rincón, A. D., & Soibelzon, L. H. (2007). The fossil record of the short-faced bears (Ursidae, Tremarctinae) from Venezuela. Systematic, biogeographic, and paleoecological implications. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Abhandlungen, 244.
  8. Correal Urrego, G. et al. (1990) Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistoceno y Holoceno de Colombia. Revista de Arqueología Americana, 1, 68-69.
  9. Gutiérrez, M.A. et al. (2010). Supervivencia diferencial de mamíferos de gran tamaño en la región pampeana en el Holoceno temprano y su relación con aspectos paleobiológicos. In Zooarqueología a principios del siglo XXI: Aportes teóricos, metodológicos y casos de estudio. Ediciones del Espinillo, Buenos Aires, 231-242.
  10. Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  11. Dantas, M.A.T., & Cozzuol, M.A. (2016) The Brazilian intertropical fauna from 60 to about 10 ka BP: taxonomy, dating, diet, and Paleoenvironments. In Marine Isotope Stage 3 in Southern South America, 60 KA BP-30 KA BP, pages 207-226.
  12. Stuart, A.J. (2021) Vanished Giants: The Lost World of the Ice Age. University of Chicago Press, 288 pages.
  13. Zurita, A. E. (2007). Sistemática y evolución de los Hoplophorini (Xenarthra: glyptodontidae: hoplophorinae. Mioceno tardío-Holoceno temprano). Importancia bioestratigráfica, paleobiogeográfica y paleoambiental. (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Nacional de La Plata).
  14. Barnosky, A. D., & Lindsey, E. L. (2010). Timing of Quaternary megafaunal extinction in South America in relation to human arrival and climate change. Quaternary International, 217(1-2), 10-29.
  15. Prado, J. L., Martinez-Maza, C., & Alberdi, M. T. (2015). Megafauna extinction in South America: A new chronology for the Argentine Pampas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 425, 41-49.
  16. Ubilla, M., et al. (2018) Mammals in last 30 to 7 ka interval (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene) in southern Uruguay (Santa Lucía River Basin): last occurrences, climate, and biogeography. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 25(2), 291-300.
  17. Martin, Paul S.; Klein, Richard G. (1989). Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03733-4.
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  19. Cruz, L. E., Bargo, M. S., Tonni, E. P., & Figini, A. J. (2010). Radiocarbon date on megafauna from the late Pleistocene-early Holocene of Córdoba province, Argentina: stratigraphic and paleoclimatic significance. Revista mexicana de ciencias geológicas, 27(3), 470-476.
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  21. Flores, D. (2016). "Cryptonanus ignitus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41320A22177809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41320A22177809.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
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  23. Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2015). "Dusicyon australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T6923A82310440. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6923A82310440.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
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  25. Roach, N. (2019). "Juscelinomys candango". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T10946A160756258. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T10946A160756258.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  26. Weksler, M.; Tirira, D.G. (2019). "Megaoryzomys curioi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136657A22330270. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136657A22330270.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  27. McClenachan, L., & Cooper, A. B. (2008). Extinction rate, historical population structure and ecological role of the Caribbean monk seal. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275(1641), 1351-1358.
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  29. Tirira, D.G.; Weksler, M. (2019). "Nesoryzomys indefessus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T14708A22390443. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T14708A22390443.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  30. Weksler, M.; Costa , L.M. (2019). "Noronhomys vespuccii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136692A22333193. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136692A22333193.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  31. Zeballos, H.; Vivar, E. (2019). "Melanomys zunigae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T13048A22344408. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T13048A22344408.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
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  33. Roach, N. (2016). "Octodon pacificus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15090A78321512. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15090A78321512.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
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  37. BirdLife International (2019). "Anodorhynchus glaucus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22685527A154380861. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22685527A154380861.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
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  41. BirdLife International (2019). "Cyanopsitta spixii ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22685533A153022606.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
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