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This list of African animals extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 12,000 years on the African continent and its islands, such as Madagascar, the Mascarenes, Seychelles, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Cape Verde, Madeira, and the Canary Islands.

Map of Africa
Map of Africa

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.


Mammals



Undated


Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Kenya oribi
Ourebia ourebi kenyae		 Mount Kenya[1]

Prehistoric


Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Archaeoindris fontoynontii 412-199 BCE[2] Central Madagascar
Archaeolemur majori 650-780[2] Madagascar
Archaeolemur edwardsii 1047-1280[2] Central Madagascar
Bond's springbok
Antidorcas bondi		 5740-5500 BCE[3] Southern Africa
Babakotia radofilai 3340-2890 BCE[2] Northern coast of Madagascar
North African aurochs
Bos primigenius africanus		 c. 4000 BCE[3] North Africa
Tenerife giant rat
Canariomys bravoi		 1100-1300[4] Tenerife, Canary Islands
Gran Canaria giant rat
Canariomys tamarani		 130 BCE[5] Gran Canaria, Canary Islands
Balsam shrew
Crocidura balsamifera		 821-171 BCE[6] Nile gallery forests, Egypt
Giant fossa
Cryptoprocta spelea		 210[7] Madagascar
Giant aye-aye
Daubentonia robusta		 900-1150[8] Southern Madagascar
Atlas wild ass
Equus africanus atlanticus		 c. 300[9] North Africa
North African horse
Equus algericus		 c. 4000 BCE[3] North Africa
Giant Cape zebra
Equus capensis		 8340-3950 BCE[3] Southern Africa
North African zebra
Equus mauritanicus		 4855-4733 BCE[3] Maghreb
Hadropithecus stenognathus 535-876[8] Central and southern Madagascar
Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus
Hippopotamus lemerlei		 670-836[8][10] Southwestern Madagascar
Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus
Hippopotamus madagascariensis		 687-880[8][10] Northwestern and central Madagascar
Hipposideros besaoka 8050 BCE or less[11] Northern coast of Madagascar
Southern Malagasy giant rat
Hypogeomys australis		 428-618[2] Central and southern Madagascar
North African elephant
Loxodonta africana pharaoensis		 370[12] Northwest Africa
Makapania
(or related genus)		 5483-5221 BCE[3] South Africa mountains
Lava mouse
Malpaisomys insularis		 1270[13] Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands
North African giant deer
Megaceroides algericus		 4691-4059 BCE[14] Northern Maghreb
Megaladapis edwardsi 1300-1430[8] Madagascar
Megaladapis grandidieri 980-1170[8] Madagascar
Megaladapis madagascariensis 1206-1427[15] Madagascar
Giant hartebeest
Megalotragus priscus		 6130-3950 BCE[3] Southern and possibly eastern Africa
Mesopropithecus globiceps 245-429[2] Southwestern Madagascar
Mesopropithecus pithecoides 600-765[15] Central Madagascar
MacPhee's shrew tenrec
Microgale macpheei		 790-410 BCE[16] Southeastern Madagascar
Giant ruffed lemur
Pachylemur insignis		 890-990[15] Southwestern Madagascar
Malagasy aardvark
Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis		 865-965[17] Central and southern Madagascar
Giant African buffalo
Syncerus antiquus		 3060-2470 BCE[6] Africa and the Arabian Peninsula

Recent


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Bubal hartebeest
Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus		 1925[18] North Africa and southern Levant[19]
Southern black rhinoceros
Diceros bicornis bicornis		 c. 1850[20] Southwestern Africa
Western black rhinoceros
Diceros bicornis longipes		 2006[21] Burkina Faso to South Sudan
Quagga
Equus quagga quagga		 1883[22] Cape Province, South Africa
Hippopotamus laloumena 1670-1950[2] Eastern Madagascar
Bluebuck
Hippotragus leucophaeus		 1799-1800[23] Overberg, South Africa
Robert's lechwe
Kobus leche robertsi		 1980-1985[24] Luongo and Kalungwishi drainage systems, Luapula, Zambia
Large sloth lemur
Palaeopropithecus ingens		 1320-1630[8] Southwestern Madagascar
Barbary lion
Panthera leo leo		 1943[25] North Africa
Cape lion
Panthera leo melanochaita		 1865[25] Cape Province, South Africa
Zanzibar leopard
Panthera pardus adersi		 1986[25] Unguja, Tanzania
Barbary leopard
Panthera pardus panthera		 1996[25] Atlas Mountains
Cape warthog
Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus		 1871[26] Cape Province, South Africa
Small Mauritian flying fox
Pteropus subniger		 1862[27] Mauritius and Réunion
Atlas bear
Ursus arctos crowtheri		 1834[28] Northern Maghreb


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
De Winton's golden mole
Cryptochloris wintoni		 1937[29] Port Nolloth, South Africa
Nubian wild ass
Equus africanus africanus		 1970s[30] Nubian desert, Sudan
Ethiopian amphibious rat
Nilopegamys plumbeus		 1928[31] Northwestern Ethiopia[32]

Local


Locally extinct and extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Northern white rhinoceros
Ceratotherium simum cottoni		 2007[33] Upper Chari, Ubangi, and White Nile river basins 2009[34]
Gray whale
Eschrichtius robustus		 71–245[35] North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, and northern Pacific Ocean[36] 2013[upper-alpha 1]
Mohrr gazelle
Nanger dama mohrr		 1968[39] Northwestern Sahara 1984[40]
Scimitar oryx
Oryx dammah		 1988-1990[41]
(Chad)		 Fringes of the Sahara 1985[42]
(Tunisia)

Birds



Undated


Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range Image
Ampoza ground roller
Brachypteracias langrandi		 Ampoza, Madagascar[43]
Canary Islands quail
Coturnix gomerae		 Canary Islands[44]
Mauritius starling
Cryptopsar ischyrhynchus		 Mauritius[45]
Long-legged bunting
Emberiza alcoveri		 Tenerife, Canary Islands[44]
Réunion scops owl
Mascarenotus grucheti		 Réunion[44]
Madeiran scops owl
Otus mauli		 Madeira[46]
Madeira rail
Rallus adolfocaesaris		 Madeira[47]
Porto Santo rail
Rallus lowei		 Porto Santo Island of Madeira[47]

Prehistoric


Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Hildebrandt's elephant bird
Aepyornis hildebrandti		 664-773[10] Central Madagascar
Giant elephant bird
Aepyornis maximus		 1040-1380[44] Southern Madagascar
Malagasy shelduck
Alopochen sirabensis		 530-860[2] Madagascar
Cape Verde quail
Coturnix centensis		 1015-1155[48] São Vicente, Cape Verde
Madeiran quail
Coturnix lignorum		 1021-806 BCE[48] Madeira
Ancient coua
Coua primaeva		 110 BCE - 130 CE[2] Madagascar
Mullerornis modestus 680-880[10] Central and southern Madagascar
Great auk
Pinguinus impennis		 5050-3850 BCE[49] Northern Atlantic and western Mediterranean
Dune shearwater
Puffinus holeae		 1159-790 BCE[50] Canary Islands
Lava shearwater
Puffinus olsoni		 1020-1260[51] Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands
Malagasy crowned eagle
Stephanoaetus mahery		 3630-3570 BCE[52] Central and southern Madagascar
Titan elephant bird
Vorombe titan		 771-952[10] Central and southern Madagascar

Recent


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Mauritius blue pigeon
Alectroenas nitidissimus		 1826[44] Mauritius
Rodrigues blue pigeon
Alectroenas payandeei		 1601?[44] Rodrigues
Réunion blue pigeon
Alectroenas sp.		 1671-1672[44] Réunion
Réunion sheldgoose
Alopochen kervazoi		 1671-1672[53] Réunion
Mauritius sheldgoose
Alopochen mauritiana		 1693[54] Mauritius
Mascarene teal
Anas theodori		 1696[55] Mauritius and Réunion
Northern white-winged apalis
Apalis chariessa chariessa		 1961[44] Lower Tana River, Kenya
Red rail
Aphanapteryx bonasia		 1693[56] Mauritius
Saint Helena rail
Aphanocrex podarces		 c. 1640[57] Saint Helena
Olson's petrel
Bulweria bifax		 1502[58] Saint Helena
Madeiran wood pigeon
Columba palumbus maderensis		 1896-1906[59] Madeira
Mauritius wood pigeon
Columba thiriouxi		 c. 1730[44] Mauritius
Delalande's coua
Coua delalandei		 1834[60] Nosy Boraha, Madagascar
Réunion rail
Dryolimnas augusti		 1674[61] Réunion
Mauritius white-throated rail
Dryolimnas sp.		 1602[44] Mauritius
Rodrigues rail
Erythromachus leguati		 1726[62] Rodrigues
Réunion kestrel
Falco duboisi		 1671-1672[63] Réunion
Réunion fody
Foudia delloni		 1672[44] Réunion
Hoopoe starling
Fregilupus varius		 1837[64] Réunion
Mascarene coot
Fulica newtonii		 1693[65] Mauritius and Réunion
Tristan moorhen
Gallinula nesiotis		 1873[44] Tristan da Cunha
Madeira finch
Goniaphea leucocephala		 1823[44] Madeira
Canary Islands oystercatcher
Haematopus meadewaldoi		 1981[66] Senegal and the eastern Canary Islands
Broad-billed parrot
Lophopsittacus mauritianus		 1673-1675[67] Mauritius
Rodrigues scops owl
Mascarenotus murivorus		 1726[68] Rodrigues
Mauritius scops owl
Mascarenotus sauzieri		 1837[69] Mauritius
Mascarene parrot
Mascarinus mascarinus		 1834[70] Réunion
Ascension flightless crake
Mundia elpenor		 1656[71] Ascension Island
Saint Helena cuckoo
Nannococcyx psix		 c. 1640[57] Saint Helena
Rodrigues starling
Necropsar rodericanus		 1726[72] Rodrigues
Rodrigues parrot
Necropsittacus rodericanus		 1761[73] Rodrigues
Aldabra brush-warbler
Nesillas aldabrana		 1983[74] Malabar Island, Seychelles
Réunion pigeon
Nesoenas duboisi		 1674[75] Réunion
Mauritian turtle dove
Nesoenas cicur		 c. 1730[44] Mauritius
Rodrigues pigeon
Nesoenas rodericanus		 1726[76] Rodrigues
Réunion night-heron
Nycticorax duboisi		 1674[77] Réunion
Mauritius night-heron
Nycticorax mauritianus		 1693[78] Mauritius
Rodrigues night-heron
Nycticorax megacephalus		 1726[79] Rodrigues
Ascension night heron
Nycticorax olsoni		 1555[44] Ascension Island
Rodrigues solitaire
Pezophaps solitaria		 1761[80] Rodrigues
Mascarene reed cormorant
Phalacrocorax africanus nanus		 1705[44] Mauritius and Réunion
Eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff
Phylloscopus canariensis exsul		 1986[44] Lanzarote and possibly Fueteventura, Canary Islands
Réunion swamphen
Porphyrio caerulescens		 c. 1730[81] Réunion
Seychelles purple swamphen
Porphyrio sp.		 1775[82] Seychelles
Saint Helena crake
Porzana astrictocarpus		 c. 1640[57] Saint Helena
Large Saint Helena petrel
Pseudobulweria rupinarum		 c. 1640[57] Saint Helena
Mascarene grey parakeet
Psittacula bensoni		 1764[83] Mauritius and Réunion
Newton's parakeet
Psittacula exsul		 1875[84] Rodrigues
Seychelles parakeet
Psittacula wardi		 1893[85] Seychelles
Rodrigues petrel
Pterodroma sp.		 1725-1726[44] Rodrigues
Dodo
Raphus cucullatus		 1688[86] Mauritius
Alaotra grebe
Tachybaptus rufolavatus		 1985[87] Lake Alaotra, Madagascar
Réunion flightless ibis
Threskiornis solitarius		 1763[88] Réunion
Saint Helena hoopoe
Upupa antaios		 c. 1640[57] Saint Helena
Marianne white-eye
Zosterops semiflavus		 1892[44] Marianne Island, Seychelles


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Moroccan bustard
Ardeotis arabs lynesi		 1993[44] Western Morocco
Slender-billed curlew
Numenius tenuirostris		 2001[44] North Africa and Western Eurasia

Local


Locally extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Abbott's booby
Papasula abbotti		 1908[82][upper-alpha 2] From the Seychelles and Mascarenes to the Northern Marianas and Marquesas Islands[89]

Reptiles



Prehistoric


Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Abrupt giant tortoise
Aldabrachelys abrupta		 c. 1200[90] Madagascar
Grandidier's giant tortoise
Aldabrachelys grandidieri		 c. 884[90] Madagascar
Tenerife giant lizard
Gallotia goliath		 1400-1500[4] Tenerife, Canary Islands
Voay robustus 586-670[91] Madagascar

Recent


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Daudin's giant tortoise
Aldabrachelys gigantea daudinii		 c. 1850[90] Mahé, Seychelles
Round Island burrowing boa
Bolyeria multocarinata		 1975[92] Round Island and possibly mainland Mauritius
Cape Verde giant skink
Chioninia coctei		 1912[93] Cape Verde
Réunion giant tortoise
Cylindraspis indica		 c. 1840[90] Réunion
Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise
Cylindraspis inepta[94]		 c. 1735[90]-1844?[95] Mauritius
Domed Mauritius giant tortoise
Cylindraspis triserrata[96]		 c. 1735[90]-1844?[95] Mauritius
Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise
Cylindraspis peltastes		 c. 1800[90] Rodrigues
Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise
Cylindraspis vosmaeri		 c. 1800[90] Rodrigues
Roque Chico de Salmor giant lizard
Gallotia simonyi simonyi		 1935[97] Roque Chico de Salmor, off El Hierro, Canary Islands
Réunion slit-eared skink
Gongylomorphus borbonicus		 1839[95] Réunion
Mauritian giant skink
Leiolopisma mauritiana		 c. 1600[98] Mauritius
Hoffstetter's worm snake
Madatyphlops cariei		 17th century[99] Mauritius
Rodrigues day gecko
Phelsuma edwardnewtonii		 1917[100] Rodrigues
Rodrigues giant day gecko
Phelsuma gigas		 1842[95] Rodrigues
Eastwood's long-tailed seps
Tetradactylus eastwoodae		 1928[101] Limpopo, South Africa

Amphibians


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Du Toit's torrent frog
Arthroleptides dutoiti		 1962[102] Kenya-Uganda border
Osgood's Ethiopian toad
Altiphrynoides osgoodi		 2003[103] Mountains of south-central Ethiopia


Extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Kihansi spray toad
Nectophrynoides asperginis		 2009[104] Kihansi Falls, Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania

Fish


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha' 1970s-1980s[105] Lake Naivasha, Kenya
Barbus microbarbis 1950s[106] Lake Luhondo, Rwanda
Giant Atlas barbel
Labeobarbus reinii		 2001[107] Northwestern Morocco
Pantanodon madagascariensis 1960s[108] Mahambo, Madagascar
Ptychochromis onilahy 1962[109] Southwestern Madagascar
Lake Sidi Ali trout
Salmo pallaryi		 1934[110] Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, Morocco

Crustaceans


Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Tropodiaptomus ctenopus Antananarivo, Madagascar[111]


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Afrocyclops pauliani 1951[112] Antananarivo, Madagascar
Namibcypris costata 1987[113] Southern Kaokoveld, Namibia

Insects


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Aplothorax burchelli 1966-1967[114] Saint Helena
Mbashe River buff
Deloneura immaculata		 1864[115] Mbashe River, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Saint Helena giant earwig
Labidura herculeana		 1967[116] Saint Helena
Morant's blue
Lepidochrysops hypopolia		 1879[115] Eastern South Africa
Libythea cinyras 1865[117] Mauritius
Madeiran large white
Pieris brassicae wollastoni		 1980s[118] Madeira
Saint Helena darter
Sympetrum dilatatum		 1963[119] Saint Helena

Molluscs



Undated


Holocene extinctions of unknown date[120]
Common name/scientific name Range
Caldwellia philyrina Mauritius
Caseolus calvus galeatus Madeira[121]
Cyclophorus horridulum Mayotte
Cyclosurus mariei Mayotte
Dupontia proletaria Mauritius and Réunion
Erepta nevilli Mauritius
Gonospira nevilli Mauritius
Gulella mayottensis Mayotte
Harmogenanina linophora Mauritius and Réunion
Harmogenanina subdetecta Réunion
Pseudohelenoconcha spurca Saint Helena
Rhachis comorensis Mayotte
Rhachis sanguineus Mauritius
Tropidophora desmazuresi Mauritius
Tropidophora semilineata Mayotte
Unio cariei Réunion

Recent


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)[120]
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Campolaemus perexilis 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis blofeldi 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis exulatus 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis helena 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis melanoides 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis nonpareil 1870-1875 Saint Helena
Chilonopsis subplicatus 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis subtruncatus 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis turtoni 1870s Saint Helena
Colparion madgei 1938 Mauritius
Ctenoglypta newtoni 1871 Mauritius
Gibbus lyonetianus 1905 Mauritius
Gonidomus newtoni 1867 Mauritius
Helenoconcha leptalea 1870s Saint Helena
Helenoconcha minutissima 1870s Saint Helena
Helenoconcha polyodon 1870s Saint Helena
Helenoconcha pseustes 1870s Saint Helena
Helenoconcha sexdentata 1870s Saint Helena
Helenodiscus bilamellata 1870s Saint Helena
Helenodiscus vernoni 1870s Saint Helena
Leiostyla lamellosa 1878 Madeira
Pachnodus velutinus 1994 Mahé, Seychelles
Pachystyla rufozonata 1869 Mauritius
Pseudocampylaea loweii 1878 Madeira
Pupilla obliquicosta 1870s Saint Helena


Possibly extinct[120]
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Discula lyelliana 1870s Deserta Grande Island, Madeira
Discula tetrica 1878 Desertas Islands, Madeira
Discus engonatus 1852 Tenerife, Canary Islands
Discus retextus 1852 La Palma, Canary Islands
Geomitra delphinuloides 1860 Madeira
Janulus pompylius 1865 La Palma, Canary Islands
Keraea garachicoensis 1878 North Tenerife, Canary Islands
Leiostyla abbreviata 1878 Madeira
Leiostyla gibba before 1878 Madeira
Leiostyla lamellosa 1878 Madeira

See also



Notes


  1. Natural dispersion of a single individual over the Arctic.[37][38]
  2. Vagrants from Christmas Island, Australia were last seen in the Chagos Archipelago in 1996.[89]

References


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  2. Burney, David A., et al. "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar." Journal of Human Evolution, 47.1-2 (2004): 25-63.
  3. Faith, J.T. (2014) Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa. Earth-Science Reviews, 128, 105-121.
  4. Morales, J. et al. (2009) The impact of human activities on the natural environment of the Canary Islands (Spain) during the pre-Hispanic stage (3rd–2nd Century BC to 15th Century AD): an overview. Environmental Archaeology, 14(1), 27-36.
  5. López-Jurado, L. F., & López Martínez, N. (1991). Presencia de la rata gigante extinguida de Gran Canaria (Canariomys tamarani) en una cueva de habitación aborigen.
  6. Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  7. Meador, L.R., et al. (2019) Cryptoprocta spelea (Carnivora: Eupleridae): what did it eat and how do we know?. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 26(2), 237-251.
  8. Crowley, B. E. (2010). A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29(19-20), 2591-2603.
  9. Youcef, S. A. M. (2020). African origins of modern asses as seen from paleontology and DNA: what about the Atlas wild ass?. Geobios, 58, 73-84.
  10. Hansford, J.P. et al. (2021). Simultaneous extinction of Madagascar's megaherbivores correlates with late Holocene human-caused landscape transformation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 263, 106996.
  11. Samonds, K.E. 2007. Late Pleistocene bat fossils from Anjohibe Cave, northwestern Madagascar. Acta Chiropterologica 9(1):39–65.
  12. BollóK, Á., & Koncz, I. (2020). Sixth- and Seventh-Century Elephant Ivory Finds from the Carpathian Basin. The Sources, Circulation and Value of Ivory in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Archaeologiai Értesítő, Vol. 1: 39-68.
  13. Rando, Juan Carlos, et al. "Chronology and causes of the extinction of the Lava Mouse, Malpaisomys insularis (Rodentia: Muridae) from the Canary Islands." Quaternary Research 70.2 (2008): 141-148.
  14. Fernandez, P. et al. (2015). The last occurrence of Megaceroides algericus Lyddekker, 1890 (Mammalia, Cervidae) during the middle Holocene in the cave of Bizmoune (Morocco, Essaouira region). Quaternary International, 374, 154-167.
  15. Stuart, A.J. (2021) Vanished Giants: The Lost World of the Ice Age. University of Chicago Press, 288 pages.
  16. Goodman, S.M., Vasey, N., & Burney, D.A. (2007). Description of a new species of subfossil shrew tenrec (Afrosoricida: Tenrecidae: Microgale) from cave deposits in southeastern Madagascar. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 120(4), 367-376.
  17. Martin, Paul S.; Klein, Richard G. (1989). Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03733-4.
  18. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. buselaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T813A50181474. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T813A50181474.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  19. Tsahar E, Izhaki I, Lev-Yadun S, Bar-Oz G (2009) Distribution and Extinction of Ungulates during the Holocene of the Southern Levant. PLoS ONE 4(4): e5316. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005316
  20. Rookmaaker, L.C. & Groves, C.P. (1977) The extinct Cape rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758). In Szugetierkundliche Mitteilwnge, pg. 117-126.
  21. Emslie, R. (2020). "Diceros bicornis ssp. longipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39319A45814470. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T39319A45814470.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  22. Hack, M.A.; East, R.; Rubenstein, D.I. (2008). "Equus quagga ssp. quagga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T7957A12876306. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T7957A12876306.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  23. Kerley, G.; Child, M.F. (2017). "Hippotragus leucophaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10168A50188573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10168A50188573.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  24. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Kobus leche ssp. robertsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T11038A50190034. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T11038A50190034.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  25. Rossi, L., Scuzzarella, C. M., & Angelici, F. M. (2020). Extinct or Perhaps Surviving Relict Populations of Big Cats: Their Controversial Stories and Implications for Conservation. In Problematic Wildlife II (pp. 393-417). Springer, Cham.
  26. Grubb, P., & d'Huart, J.P. (2010) Rediscovery of the Cape warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus: a review. Journal of East African Natural History, 99(2), 77-102.
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