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This list of European animals extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 12,000 years on the European continent and its surrounding islands.

Map of Europe
Map of Europe

Dependent territories of European countries in other continents, like Greenland, are not included, as they should be found in their pertaining list. The Açores are included but not other Macaronesian islands, which are in the List of African animals extinct in the Holocene. Likewise, all large islands in the Mediterranean Sea are included except for Cyprus, which is in the List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.


Mammals



Undated


Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Ochotona transcaucasica Caucasus[1]

Prehistoric


Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Corsican giant shrew
Asoriculus corsicanus		 348 BCE - 283 CE[2] Corsica, France
Sardinian giant shrew
Asoriculus similis		 3050 BCE[3] Sardinia, Italy
Steppe bison
Bison priscus		 6300-5880 BCE[4] Northern Eurasia and North America
Woolly rhinoceros
Coelodonta antiquitatis		 7820-7300 BCE[4] Northern Eurasia
European dhole
Cuon alpinus europaeus		 7050-6550 BCE[5] Central and southern Europe; Caucasus?[6]
Sardinian dhole
Cynotherium sardous		 9500-9300 BCE[7] Corsica and Sardinia
European wild ass
Equus hemionus hydruntinus		 3200-2500 BCE[8] Europe and southwest Asia
Majorcan giant dormouse
Hypnomys morpheus		 4840-4690 BCE[9] Gymnesian Islands, Spain
Woolly mammoth
Mammuthus primigenius		 9290-8970 BCE[4] Northern Eurasia and North America
Irish elk
Megaloceros giganteus		 6085-5995 BCE[10] Europe and southern Siberia
Balearic Islands cave goat
Myotragus balearicus		 2830-2470 BCE[11] Gymnesian Islands, Spain
Balearic giant shrew
Nesiotites hidalgo		 3030-2690 BCE[9] Gymnesian Islands, Spain
Tilos dwarf elephant
Palaeoloxodon tiliensis		 3040-1840 BCE[12] Tilos, Greece
Sardinian giant deer
Praemegaceros cazioti		 5550 BCE[13] Corsica and Sardinia[14]
Sardinian pika
Prolagus sardus		 348 BCE - 283 CE[2] Corsica and Sardinia
Tyrrhenian field rat
Rhagamys orthodon		 348 BCE - 283 CE[2] Corsica and Sardinia
Tyrrhenian vole
Tyrrhenicola henseli		 348 BCE - 283 CE[2] Corsica and Sardinia

Recent


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Caucasian Moose
Alces alces caucasicus		 c. 1900[15] Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasian coast of the Black Sea
Caucasian wisent
Bison bonasus caucasicus		 1927[16] Caucasus Mountains
Eurasian aurochs
Bos primigenius primigenius		 1627[17] Mid-latitude Eurasia
Sicilian wolf
Canis lupus cristaldii		 1970[18] Sicily, Italy
Portuguese ibex
Capra pyrenaica lusitanica		 c. 1890[19] Portuguese-Galician border
Pyrenean ibex
Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica		 2000[upper-alpha 1]
 Pyrenees and possibly Cantabrian Mountains[21]
Tarpan
Equus ferus ferus		 1909[22] Europe
St. Kilda house mouse
Mus musculus muralis		 1930[23] St Kilda, Scotland
Caspian tiger
Panthera tigris virgata		 1922[24] Caucasus, western and Central Asia

Local


Locally extinct and extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Lowland wisent
Bison bonasus bonasus		 1919[25] Central Europe to southern Siberia 1946[26]
Turkmenian kulan
Equus hemionus kulan		 18th-19th century[27] Ukraine to Central Asia[28] 1950[29]
Gray whale
Eschrichtius robustus		 550[30] North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, and northern Pacific Ocean[31] 2010[upper-alpha 2]
Barbary macaque
Macaca sylvanus		 c. 70,000-60,000 BCE[34] Central and Southern Europe, and northern Africa 1704[35]
Narrow-headed vole
Microtus gregalis		 Late Holocene[36][37] Northern Eurasia
Steppe pika
Ochotona pusilla		 Late Holocene[36][37] Western Europe to Kazakhstan
Muskox
Ovibos moschatus		 7050 BCE[38] Northern Eurasia and North America 1947[39][upper-alpha 3]
Lion
Panthera leo		 4th century (Balkans)[40]
10th century (Caucasus)[41]		 Africa, the Middle East, northern India, and southeastern Europe

Birds


Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Graciosa rail
Rallus carvaoensis		 Graciosa Island, Açores, Portugal[42]
São Jorge rail
Rallus minutus		 São Jorge Island, Açores, Portugal[42]


Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Mediterranean brown fish owl
Ketupa zeylonensis lamarmorae		 7433-7035 BCE[2] Corsica, Sardinia, and Crete[43]
São Miguel scops owl
Otus frutuosoi		 49 BCE - 125 CE[44] São Miguel Island, Açores, Portugal
Greater Azores bullfinch
Pyrrhula crassa		 1110-1048 BCE[45] Graciosa Island, Açores, Portugal
Ibiza rail
Rallus eivissensis		 5295-4848 BCE[46] Ibiza, Spain
Pico rail
Rallus montivagorum		 1400-1450[47] Pico Island, Açores, Portugal


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Great auk
Pinguinus impennis		 1844[48] Northern Atlantic and western Mediterranean
Pied raven
Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus		 1902[49] Faroe Islands, Denmark


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Slender-billed curlew
Numenius tenuirostris		 2001[50] Western Eurasia and North Africa


Locally extinct and extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Marsh owl
Asio capensis		 1998[51] Africa and southwestern Iberian Peninsula
Northern bald ibis
Geronticus eremita		 16th century Mediterranean region 2004[52]
Common buttonquail
Turnix sylvaticus		 1981[53] Africa, southern Asia, southwestern Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily

Reptiles


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Ratas Island lizard
Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi		 1935[54] Ratas Island off Mahón, Spain
Santo Stefano lizard
Podarcis sicula sanctistephani		 c. 1965[55] Santo Stefano Island, Italy

Fish


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Skadar nase
Chondrostoma scodrense		 1900s[56] Lake Skadar
Coregonus bezola 1960s[57] Lac du Bourget, France
Coregonus fera 1920[58] Lake Geneva
Lake Constance whitefish
Coregonus gutturosus		 early 1970s[59] Lake Constance
Gravenche
Coregonus hiemalis		 1950[60] Lake Geneva
Houting
Coregonus oxyrinchus		 1940[61] Southern North Sea, Scheldt, Meuse, and Rhine basin up to Cologne, and southeastern England
Coregonus restrictus 1890[62] Lake Morat, Switzerland
Ukrainian migratory lamprey
Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory'		 before 1900[63] Dniestr, Dniepr, and Don River drainages
Techirghiol stickleback
Gasterosteus crenobiontus		 1960s[64] Lake Techirghiol, Romania
Danube delta gudgeon
Romanogobio antipai		 1960s[65] Lower Danube
Salvelinus neocomensis 1904[66] Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Beloribitsa
Stenodus leucichthys		 1960s[67] Caspian Sea, Volga, Ural, and Terek River drainages

Insects


Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Perrin's cave beetle
Siettitia balsetensis		 France[68]


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Tobias' caddisfly
Hydropsyche tobiasi		 1938[69] Rhine and Main River, Germany
British large copper
Lycaena dispar dispar		 1864[70] British Isles
Moss-land silver-studded blue
Plebejus argus masseyi		 1942[71] Lancashire and Cumbria, United Kingdom
Pseudoyersinia brevipennis 1860[72] Hyères, France


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Iberian lynx louse
Felicola isidoroi		 1997[73] Iberian Peninsula

Sea anemones


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Ivell's sea anemone
Edwardsia ivelli		 1983[74] Widewater Lagoon, West Sussex, United Kingdom

Molluscs


Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Zonites siphnicus Sifnos, Sikinos, and Folegandros, Greece[75]


Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Zonites santoriniensis c. 1600 BCE[76] Santorini, Greece


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Graecoanatolica macedonica 1988[77] Doiran Lake, Greece-North Macedonia border
Ohridohauffenia drimica before 1983[78] Drin River, North Macedonia


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Belgrandia varica 1910[79] Var River delta, France
Belgrandiella boetersi unknown[80] Tiefsteinschlucht, Austria
Parmacella gervaisii 1874[81] La Crau, Provence, France
Zonites embolium 1985[82] Zaforas, Greece

See also



Notes


  1. A single cloned individual was born on July 30, 2003, but died several minutes later.[20]
  2. Natural dispersion of a single individual over the Arctic.[32][33]
  3. Previous attempts at introduction in Norway and Svalbard (outside the muskox's prehistoric range) failed.[38]

References


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  3. Louys, J.; Braje, T. J.; Chang, C.-H.; Cosgrove, R.; Fitzpatrick, S. M.; Fujita, M.; Hawkins, S.; Ingicco, T.; Kawamura, A.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; McDowell, M. C.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Piper, P. J.; Roberts, P.; Simmons, A. H.; van den Bergh, G.; van der Geer, A.; Kealy, S.; O'Connor, S. (2021). "No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (20): e2023005118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823005L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023005118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8157961. PMID 33941645.
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