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This list of Nepenthes natural hybrids is a comprehensive listing of all recorded natural hybrids involving species of the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes. Hybrids that are not endemic to a given region are marked with an asterisk.

Nepenthes × kinabaluensis (centre) dwarfs its smaller parent species, N. villosa (left).
Nepenthes × kinabaluensis (centre) dwarfs its smaller parent species, N. villosa (left).

Named natural hybrids


NameParent speciesAuthorityYearImageDistributionAltitudinal distribution
N. × alisaputranaN. burbidgeae × N. rajahJ.H.Adam & Wilcock1992Borneo
N. × bauensisN. gracilis × N. northianaChi.C.Lee2004Borneo
N. × cantleyiN. bicalcarata × N. gracilisHort.Westphal nom.nud.1991Borneo
N. × cinctaN. albomarginata × N. northianaMast.1884Borneo
N. × ferrugineomarginataN. albomarginata × N. reinwardtianaSh.Kurata1982Borneo, Sumatra
N. × harryanaN. edwardsiana × N. villosaBurb.1882Borneo
N. × hookerianaN. ampullaria × N. rafflesianaHort.Veitch ex Mast.1881Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra0–450 m[1]
N. × kinabaluensisN. rajah × N. villosaSh.Kurata ex Sh.Kurata1984Borneo2420–3030 m[2]
N. × kuchingensisN. ampullaria × N. mirabilisSh.Kurata1982Borneo, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand
N. × merrilliataN. alata × N. merrillianaHort. ex Fleming nom.nud.1979Philippines (Mindanao, Samar[3])
N. × mirabilataN. alata × N. mirabilisHort. ex Lauffenburger nom.nud.1995Philippines (Mindanao)
N. × pangulubauensisN. gymnamphora × N. mikeiHort.B.R.Salmon & Maulder ex P.Mann in sched. nom.nud.1996Sumatra
N. × pyriformisN. inermis × N. talangensisSh.Kurata2001Sumatra
N. × sarawakiensisN. muluensis × N. tentaculataJ.H.Adam, Wilcock & Swaine1993Borneo
N. × sharifah-hapsahiiN. gracilis × N. mirabilisJ.H.Adam & Hafiza2007Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand
N. × trichocarpaN. ampullaria × N. gracilisMiq.1858Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand0–800 m[4]
N. × truncalataN. alata × N. truncataHort.Bednar nom.nud.1994Philippines (Mindanao)
N. × trusmadiensisN. lowii × N. macrophyllaMarabini1983Borneo
N. × tsangoya(N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilisTsang ex Lauffenburger nom.nud.1995Philippines (Mindanao)
N. × ventrataN. alata × N. ventricosaHort. ex Fleming nom.nud.1979Philippines

By distribution



Borneo


Left: N. burbidgeae × N. fusca
Right: N. burbidgeae × N. rajah (N. × alisaputrana)
Left: N. fusca × N. reinwardtiana
Right: N. fusca × N. stenophylla
Left: N. gracilis × N. northiana (N. × bauensis)
Right: N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana
Left: N. lowii × N. macrophylla (N. × trusmadiensis)
Right: N. mirabilis × N. northiana
Left: N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana
Right: N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana
Left: N. rajah × N. tentaculata
Right: N. reinwardtiana × N. stenophylla

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from Borneo.

  1. N. albomarginata × N. ampullaria[5] *
  2. ? N. albomarginata × N. chaniana[6]
  3. N. albomarginata × N. clipeata[5]
  4. N. albomarginata × N. hirsuta[5]
  5. N. albomarginata × N. macrovulgaris[6]
  6. N. albomarginata × N. northiana [=N. × cincta][5]
  7. N. albomarginata × N. rafflesiana[6][7]
  8. N. albomarginata × N. reinwardtiana [=N. × ferrugineomarginata][5] *
  9. N. albomarginata × N. veitchii[5]
  10. N. ampullaria × N. bicalcarata[5]
  11. N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=N. × trichocarpa][5] *
  12. (N. ampullaria × N. gracilis) × N. bicalcarata [=N. × trichocarpa × N. bicalcarata]
  13. N. ampullaria × N. hemsleyana[8]
  14. N. ampullaria × N. hirsuta[5]
  15. N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=N. × kuchingensis, Nepenthes cutinensis][5] *
  16. N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=N. × hookeriana][5] *
  17. ? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis][7]
  18. N. bicalcarata × N. gracilis [=N. × cantleyi][5]
  19. N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis[6] (including N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma)[5]
  20. N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana[5]
  21.  ? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma[5]
  22. N. burbidgeae × N. edwardsiana[5]
  23. N. burbidgeae × N. fusca[5]
  24. N. burbidgeae × N. rajah [=N. × alisaputrana][5]
  25. N. burbidgeae × N. tentaculata[5]
  26. N. chaniana × N. veitchii[2][note a]
  27. N. clipeata × N. rafflesiana[2]
  28. N. clipeata × N. reinwardtiana[5]
  29. N. edwardsiana × N. rajah[5]
  30. N. edwardsiana × N. villosa [=N. × harryana][5]
  31.  ? N. faizaliana × N. veitchii[2]
  32. N. fusca × N. lowii[2][note b]
  33. N. fusca × N. platychila[9]
  34. N. fusca × N. rajah[5]
  35. N. fusca × N. reinwardtiana[6] [=?N. naquiyuddinii][2]
  36. N. fusca × N. stenophylla[2]
  37. N. fusca × N. tentaculata[2]
  38. N. fusca × N. veitchii[6]
  39. N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][5][6] * (including N. gracilis × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma)[5]
  40. N. gracilis × N. northiana [=N. × bauensis][10]
  41. N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana[5] *
  42. N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana[2] *
  43. N. hemsleyana × N. rafflesiana[8]
  44.  ? N. hirsuta × N. lowii[2]
  45. N. hispida × N. reinwardtiana[5]
  46. N. hurrelliana × N. lowii[2][11]
  47. N. hurrelliana × N. veitchii[6]
  48. N. lowii × N. macrophylla [=N. × trusmadiensis][5]
  49. N. lowii × N. muluensis[6]
  50. N. lowii × N. rajah[12]
  51. N. lowii × N. stenophylla[5]
  52.  ? N. lowii × N. tentaculata[13]
  53. N. lowii × N. veitchii[5]
  54. N. macrovulgaris × N. rajah[5]
  55. N. macrovulgaris × N. reinwartdiana[5]
  56. N. macrovulgaris × N. tentaculata[5]
  57. N. mirabilis × N. northiana[2]
  58. N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana[5] * (including N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana)[2]
  59. N. mirabilis × N. reinwardtiana[2]
  60.  ? N. muluensis × N. tentaculata [=N. × sarawakiensis,[5] ?N. muluensis][2]
  61. N. rajah × N. stenophylla[5]
  62. N. rajah × N. tentaculata[5]
  63. N. rajah × N. villosa [=N × kinabaluensis][5]
  64. N. reinwardtiana × N. stenophylla[5]
  65. N. reinwardtiana × N. tentaculata[6]
  66. N. stenophylla × N. tentaculata[5]
  67. N. stenophylla × N. veitchii[5]

Endemic species with no known natural hybrids:[14]

Nepenthes hurrelliana and N. murudensis are of putative hybrid origin, but are considered species by most taxonomists, as they form stable, fertile populations independent of their original parent species. The same could be said for stable hybrids such as N × kinabaluensis. Indeed, species status has been proposed for this taxon in the past.[15]


Sumatra


Left: N. ampullaria × N. eustachya
Right: ? N. beccariana × N. sumatrana
Left: ? N. dubia × N. jacquelineae
Right: N. eustachya × N. sumatrana
Left: N. gracilis × N. sumatrana
Right: N. gymnamphora × N. spectabilis
Left: N. izumiae × N. jacquelineae
Right: N. jamban × N. lingulata
Left: N. mikei × N. ovata
Right: N. mirabilis × N. sumatrana
Left: N. ovata × N. spectabilis
Right: N. rhombicaulis × N. spectabilis
Left: N. rigidifolia × N. spectabilis
Right: ? N. singalana × N. spathulata

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from Sumatra.

  1. N. albomarginata × N. ampullaria[16] *
  2. N. albomarginata × N. eustachya[16]
  3. N. albomarginata × N. reinwardtiana [=N. × ferrugineomarginata][16] *
  4. N. ampullaria × N. eustachya[6]
  5. N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=N. × trichocarpa][16] *
  6. N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=N. × kuchingensis, Nepenthes cutinensis][16] *
  7. N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=N. × hookeriana][16] *
  8. N. ampullaria × N. reinwardtiana[16]
  9. N. ampullaria × N. spathulata[17]
  10. N. ampullaria × N. tobaica[16]
  11. N. angasanensis × N. densiflora[16]
  12. N. aristolochioides × N. singalana[16]
  13.  ? N. beccariana × N. sumatrana
  14. N. bongso × N. gymnamphora[16]
  15. N. bongso × N. singalana[16]
  16. N. bongso × N. talangensis[16]
  17. N. diatas × N. mikei[16]
  18. N. dubia × N. izumiae[16][note c]
  19. ? N. dubia × N. jacquelineae[6][18]
  20. ? N. dubia × N. jamban[19]
  21. ? N. eustachya × N. gracilis[6]
  22. N. eustachya × N. longifolia[16]
  23. N. eustachya × N. sumatrana[16]
  24. N. flava × N. ovata[20]
  25. N. flava × N. rhombicaulis[20]
  26. N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][6][16] *
  27. N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana[16] *
  28. N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana[16] *
  29. N. gracilis × N. sumatrana[6]
  30. N. gymnamphora × N. mikei[16] [=N. × pangulubauensis]
  31. N. gymnamphora × N. ovata[16]
  32. N. gymnamphora × N. reinwardtiana[16]
  33.  ? N. gymnamphora × N. rhombicaulis[6]
  34. N. gymnamphora × N. singalana[16]
  35. N. gymnamphora × N. spathulata[16]
  36. N. gymnamphora × N. spectabilis[16]
  37. N. gymnamphora × N. talangensis[16]
  38. N. inermis × N. singalana[6]
  39. N. inermis × N. spathulata[16]
  40. N. inermis × N. talangensis [=N. × pyriformis][16]
  41. N. izumiae × N. jacquelineae[6]
  42. N. jamban × N. lingulata[21]
  43.  ? N. longifolia × N. sumatrana[6]
  44. N. mikei × N. ovata[16]
  45. N. mikei × N. spectabilis[16]
  46. N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana[16] *
  47. N. mirabilis × N. spathulata[16]
  48. N. mirabilis × N. sumatrana[6]
  49. N. ovata × N. rhombicaulis[16]
  50. N. ovata × N. spectabilis[16]
  51. N. reinwardtiana × N. spathulata[16]
  52. N. reinwardtiana × N. tobaica[16]
  53. N. rhombicaulis × N. spectabilis[16]
  54. N. rhombicaulis × N. tobaica[16]
  55. N. rigidifolia × N. spectabilis[16][note d]
  56.  ? N. singalana × N. spathulata[16]
  57. N. spathulata × N. tobaica[16]
  58. N. spectabilis × N. tobaica[16]

Endemic species with no known natural hybrids:[6][21]


Philippines


Lower (left) and upper pitchers of putative N. justinae × N. peltata from Mount Hamiguitan, Mindanao
Putative natural hybrids from Mount Hamiguitan
Putative natural hybrids from Mount Hamiguitan

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from the Philippines. The N. alata hybrids listed below involve N. alata in the broad sense (sensu lato); this polymorphic taxon has recently been split into a large number of daughter species that now form the so-called "N. alata group".[22][23]

  1. N. alata × N. burkei[6]
  2. N. alata × N. merrilliana [=N. × merrilliata][24]
  3.  ? (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × tsangoya][25]
  4. N. alata × N. mindanaoensis[6]
  5. N. alata × N. mirabilis [=N. × mirabilata][4]
  6.  ? N. alata × N. petiolata[4]
  7. N. alata × N. pulchra[26]
  8. N. alata × N. truncata [=N. × truncalata][27]
  9. N. alata × N. ventricosa [=N. × ventrata][24]
  10.  ? N. pantaronensis × N. sumagaya[28][29]
  11. N. bellii × N. merrilliana[6]
  12. N. bellii × N. mindanaoensis[6]
  13. N. ceciliae × N. pulchra[26]
  14. N. merrilliana× N. mindanaoensis[6]
  15. N. merrilliana × N. mirabilis[6]
  16. N. mindanaoensis × N. truncata[6]
  17. N. mindanaoensis × N. erucoides[30]
  18. N. palawanensis × N. aff. philippinensis[26]
  19.  ? N. petiolata × N. truncata[4]

In addition, certain plants from Mount Hamiguitan are likely to represent crosses involving N. hamiguitanensis, N. justinae[31] (previously identified as N. mindanaoensis), N. micramphora, and N. peltata.[26]

Endemic species with no known natural hybrids:[6]

Nepenthes petiolata may itself have evolved from a cross between N. alata and N. truncata.[6] It has been suggested that N. extincta might represent a natural hybrid between N. merrilliana and N. mindanaoensis, as both of these species grow near the type locality of N. extincta and share many morphological features with it.[31]

Plants from Mount Hamiguitan that were originally thought to represent the natural hybrid N. micramphora × N. peltata[6] are now recognised as belonging to a distinct species of possible hybridogenic origin, N. hamiguitanensis.[46]


Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore


Left: N. albomarginata × N. gracilis
Right: N. benstonei × N. mirabilis

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.

  1. N. albomarginata × N. ampullaria[16] *
  2. N. albomarginata × N. gracilis
  3. ? N. albomarginata × N. sanguinea[6][47]
  4. N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=N. × trichocarpa][16] *
  5. N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=N. × kuchingensis, Nepenthes cutinensis][16] *
  6. N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=N. × hookeriana][16] *
  7. N. benstonei × N. mirabilis[16]
  8. N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][6][16] *
  9. N. macfarlanei × N. ramispina[16]
  10. N. macfarlanei × N. sanguinea[16]
  11. N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana[16] *
  12. N. ramispina × N. sanguinea[16]

Two natural hybrids have been recorded from Singapore: N. × hookeriana and N. × trichocarpa.[5] As such, all three species from Singapore are known to hybridise.


Sulawesi


Left: N. glabrata × N. maxima
Right: N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from Sulawesi.

  1.  ? N. eymae × N. maxima[6]
  2. N. glabrata × N. hamata[6][48]
  3. N. glabrata × N. maxima[6]
  4. N. glabrata × N. nigra[49]
  5. N. glabrata × N. tentaculata[6]
  6. N. hamata × N. tentaculata[6]
  7. N. maxima × N. tentaculata[49]
  8. N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana[6]
  9. N. nigra × N. tentaculata[50]
  10. N. pitopangii × N. tentaculata[51]

Endemic species with no known natural hybrids:


Indochina


? N. mirabilis × N. thorelii
? N. mirabilis × N. thorelii

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from Indochina. For the purpose of this list, the area encompasses Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.

  1. N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=N. × trichocarpa][55] *
  2. N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=N. × kuchingensis, Nepenthes cutinensis][55] *
  3. N. andamana × N. mirabilis[55] (including N. andamana × N. mirabilis var. globosa)[55]
  4. N. bokorensis × N. kampotiana[56]
  5. N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][55] *
  6. N. kampotiana × N. mirabilis[55]
  7. N. kongkandana × N. mirabilis[55]
  8. N. mirabilis × N. smilesii[57]
  9. N. mirabilis × N. thorelii[57][58][59]

In addition, infraspecific hybrids between N. mirabilis var. globosa and N. mirabilis var. mirabilis are known to occur.[60]

Endemic species with no known natural hybrids:[6][55]


New Guinea and the Maluku Islands


Left: N. ampullaria × N. neoguineensis
Right: N. klossii × N. maxima
A lower pitcher (left) and an upper pitcher (right) of
N. maxima × N. neoguineensis

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from New Guinea, the Maluku Islands, and surrounding islands.

  1. N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=N. × kuchingensis, Nepenthes cutinensis] *
  2. N. ampullaria × N. neoguineensis[6]
  3. N. insignis × N. mirabilis[63]
  4. N. klossii × N. maxima[64]
  5. N. maxima × N. neoguineensis[6]
  6.  ? N. paniculata × N. papuana[65]

Endemic species with no known natural hybrids:[66]


Australia


Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from Australia.

  1. N. mirabilis × N. rowaniae[68]
  2. N. mirabilis × N. tenax[6]
  3. N. rowaniae × N. tenax[6]

Complex hybrids involving all three species are also common.[6]

All three species from Australia are known to hybridise.


Outlying areas


There are six additional species endemic to areas other than those listed above. These are:

Of these, the only species that could conceivably hybridise in the wild are N. madagascariensis and N. masoalensis. Although the ranges of the two species used to meet near Cape Masoala, no natural hybrids have ever been recorded.[6]


See also



Notes


a.^ Identified as N. pilosa × N. veitchii in Nepenthes of Borneo.[5]
b.^ Identified as N. lowii × N. pilosa in Nepenthes of Borneo.[2][5]
c.^ Identified as N. dubia × N. singalana in Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.[16]
d.^ Identified as N. spectabilis × N. species A in Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.[16]

References


  1. Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. "The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
  2. Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  3. Robinson, A. 2012. Nepenthes merrilliana on Samar. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, June 29, 2012.
  4. Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
  5. Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. xi + 207 pp. ISBN 983-812-057-X
  6. McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  7. Lowrie, A. 1983. "Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983" (PDF). (1.25 MiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.
  8. Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12. doi:10.3767/000651913X668465
  9. Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes platychila (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from Sarawak, Borneo. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 54: 257-261.
  10. Lee, C.C. 2004. Nepenthes. In: Sarawak Bau Limestone Biodiversity. H.S. Yong, F.S.P. Ng and E.E.L. Yen (eds). The Sarawak Museum Journal Vol. LIX, No. 80; Special Issue No. 6: 71-77.
  11. Lee, C.C. 2007. Re: lowii and hurrelliana of Mt. Murud Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics.
  12. A rare find: N. rajah nat. hybrid. Flora Nepenthaceae.
  13. Steiner, H. 2002. Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants. Toihaan Publishing Company, Kota Kinabalu. viii + 136 pp. ISBN 983-40421-1-6
  14. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  15. Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1998 ['1996']. Pitcher plants of Mt. Kinabalu in Sabah. The Sarawak Museum Journal 50(71): 145–171.
  16. Clarke, C. M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. ix + 325 pp. ISBN 983-812-050-2
  17. (in Indonesian) Akhriadi, P. 2007. Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Kerinci Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Working paper, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  18. Wistuba, A. Strange hybrid with Nepenthes jacquelineae? Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Wistuba.com.
  19. Wartono, A.Y. 2011. Re: dubia hybrid ? ID opinions. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, March 2, 2011.
  20. Wistuba, A., J. Nerz & A. Fleischmann 2007. Nepenthes flava, a new species of Nepenthaceae from the northern part of Sumatra. Blumea 52(1): 159–163.
  21. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  22. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x
  23. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.69
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