bio.wikisort.org - Plant

Capsicum annuum is a species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America, the Caribbean, and northern South America.[2][5] This species is the most common and extensively cultivated of the five domesticated capsicums. The species encompasses a wide variety of shapes and sizes of peppers, including sweet bell peppers and some chili pepper varieties such as jalapeños, New Mexico chile, and cayenne peppers. Cultivars descended from the wild American bird pepper are still found in warmer regions of the Americas.[6] In the past, some woody forms of this species have been called C. frutescens, but the features that were used to distinguish those forms appear in many populations of C. annuum and are not consistently recognizable features in C. frutescens species.[7]

Capsicum annuum
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Solanales
Family:	Solanaceae
Genus:	Capsicum
Species:	C. annuum
Binomial name
Capsicum annuum L.
Varieties and Groups
C. annuum var. annuum C. annuum var. glabriusculum[2] Capsicum annuum var. bola (aka var. ñora)[3] Capsicum annuum 'New Mexico Group'
Synonyms[4]
Capsicum abyssinicum A.Rich. Capsicum angulosum Mill. Capsicum axi Vell. Capsicum bauhinii Dunal Capsicum caerulescens Besser Capsicum cerasiforme Mill. Capsicum ceratocarpum Fingerh. Capsicum cereolum Bertol. Capsicum comarim Vell. Capsicum conicum Lam. Capsicum conoide Mill. Capsicum conoides Roem. & Schult. Capsicum conoideum Mill. Capsicum cordiforme Mill. Capsicum crispum Dunal Capsicum cydoniforme Roem. & Schult. Capsicum dulce Dunal Capsicum fasciculatum Sturtev. Capsicum fastigiatum Blume Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum globiferum G.Mey. Capsicum globosum Besser Capsicum grossum L. Capsicum indicum auct. Capsicum longum DC. Capsicum milleri Roem. & Schult. Capsicum minimum Mill. Capsicum odoratum Steud. Capsicum odoriferum Vell. Capsicum oliviforme Mill. Capsicum ovatum DC. Capsicum petenense Standl. Capsicum pomiferum Mart. ex Steud. Capsicum purpureum Vahl ex Hornem. Capsicum pyramidale Mill. Capsicum quitense Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Capsicum silvestre Vell. Capsicum sphaerium Willd. Capsicum tetragonum Mill. Capsicum tomatiforme Fingerh. ex Steud. Capsicum torulosum Hornem. Capsicum tournefortii Besser Capsicum ustulatum Paxton

Characteristics

Although the species name annuum means 'annual' (from the Latin annus "year"), the plant is not an annual but is frost tender.[8] In the absence of winter frosts it can survive several seasons and grow into a large, shrubby perennial herb.[9] The single flowers are an off-white (sometimes purplish) color while the stem is densely branched and up to 60 cm (24 in) tall. The fruits are peppers that may be green, yellow, orange or red when ripe.[10] While the species can tolerate most frost-free climates, C. annuum is especially productive in warm and dry climates.^{[citation needed]}

Pollination

While generally self-pollinating, insect visitation is known to increase the fruit size and speed of ripening, as well as to ensure symmetrical development. Pepper flowers have nectaries at the base of the corolla, which helps to attract pollinators. The anthers do not release pollen except via buzz pollination, such as provided by bumble bees.[11]

Uses

Culinary

The species is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chiles with numerous varieties cultivated all around the world, and is the source of popular spices such as cayenne, chile, and paprika powders, as well as pimiento (pimento).

Common naming in English falls generally in line with the flavor and size of the variant. Larger, sweeter variants are called "capsicums" in Australia and New Zealand, "peppers" in the United Kingdom and Canada,[12][13][14] and "bell peppers" in the United States. The smaller, hotter varieties are called chiles,[15] chilies, chillies, chile, or chili peppers, or in parts of the US, "peppers".

Capsinoid chemicals provide the distinctive tastes in C. annuum variants. In particular, capsaicin creates a burning sensation ("hotness"), which in extreme cases can last for several hours after ingestion. A measurement called the Scoville scale has been created to describe the hotness of peppers and other foods.

Traditional medicine

Hot peppers are used in traditional medicine as well as food in Africa.[16] English botanist John Lindley described C. annuum in his 1838 Flora Medica thus:[17]

It is employed in medicine, in combination with Cinchona in intermittent and lethargic affections, and also in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, paralysis etc. Its most valuable application appears however to be in cynanche maligna (acute diphtheria) and scarlatina maligna (malignant Scarlet fever, used either as a gargle or administered internally.)

In Ayurveda, C. annuum is classified as follows:^{[citation needed]}

• Guna (properties) – ruksha (dry), laghu (light) and tikshna (sharp)
• Rasa (taste) – katu (pungent)
• Virya (potency) – ushna (hot)

Ornamental

Some cultivars grown specifically for their aesthetic value include the U.S. National Arboretum's 'Black Pearl'[18] and the 'Bolivian Rainbow'. Ornamental varieties tend to have unusually colored fruit and foliage with colors such as black and purple being notable. All are edible, and most (like 'Royal Black') are hot.

Host plant

The potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae such as pepper plants. Female P. operculella use the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the mesophyll of the leaf.

Gallery

• 
  Capsicum annum L. var. fasciculatum Irish.
• 
  Capsicum annum L. var. fasciculatum Irish.
• 
  Dried Capsicum annuum Red Chilli Pepper
• 
  Capsicum annuum cultivars
• 
  Dried Guajillo chile pod
• 
  Typical C. annuum flower, Royal Embers.
• 
  Bolivian Rainbow with its fruits in different stages of ripeness.
• 
  Capsicum annuum var. bola or ñora
• 
  Count Dracula
• 
  Dried Capsicum annuum Red Chilli Pepper on Nanglo
• 
  Dried Capsicum annuum Red Chilli Pepper
• 
  NuMex Memorial Day
• 
  Explosive Embers
• 
  Chili pepper 'subicho' seeds for planting
• 
  Bell pepper in Eastern Siberia

See also

• List of Capsicum cultivars
• Paprika
• Chili pepper

References

Further reading

• Malgorzata, Materska (March 2015). "Flavone C-glycosides from Capsicum annuum L.: relationships between antioxidant activity and lipophilicity". European Food Research and Technology. 240 (3): 549–557. doi:10.1007/s00217-014-2353-2.
• Arimboor, Ranjith; Natarajan, Ramesh Babu; Menon, K. Ramakrishna; Chandrasekhar, Lekshmi. P; Moorkoth, Vidya (March 2015). "Red pepper (Capsicum annuum) carotenoids as a source of natural food colors: analysis and stability-a review". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 52 (3): 1258–1271. doi:10.1007/s13197-014-1260-7. PMC 4348314. PMID 25745195.

External links

• Capsicum annuum in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley
• "Capsicum annuum". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
• "Capsicum annuum". Plants for a Future.

На других языках

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- [en] Capsicum annuum

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[es] Capsicum annuum

Capsicum annuum, llamado comúnmente pimiento morrón, pimiento dulce, chile morrón, ají morrón, ají dulce o en algunos países pimentón, entre una multitud de localismos, es la especie más conocida, extendida y cultivada del género Capsicum, de la familia de las solanáceas. Todas las innumerables formas, tamaños, colores y sabores de sus frutos, descritos y nombrados en la cultura popular, corresponden en realidad a esta misma especie. Los mismos nombres se utilizan también para el fruto de esta especie vegetal.

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[fr] Capsicum annuum

Capsicum annuum est le nom scientifique de l'espèce à laquelle appartiennent différentes variétés de poivrons et piments. Elle appartient à la famille des Solanaceae. Elle est originaire de la région allant de la Colombie au sud des États-Unis, mais est actuellement l'espèce du genre Capsicum la plus cultivée dans le monde entier.

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[ru] Перец стручковый

Пе́рец стручко́вый[2], также Перец овощной однолетний[3] (лат. Cápsicum ánnuum), — вид рода Capsicum семейства Паслёновые (Solanaceae), а также его плоды.

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