bio.wikisort.org - Animal As of July 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 608 vulnerable insect species.[1] 10% of all evaluated insect species are listed as vulnerable.
The IUCN also lists 15 insect subspecies as vulnerable.
Insect species (IUCN, 2016.1)
5993 extant species have been evaluated
4291 of those are fully assessed[lower-alpha 1]
3144 are not threatened at present[lower-alpha 2]
1146 to 2848 are threatened[lower-alpha 3]
59 to 105 are extinct or extinct in the wild:
58 extinct (EX) species[lower-alpha 4]
1 extinct in the wild (EW)
46 possibly extinct [CR(PE)]
0 possibly extinct in the wild [CR(PEW)]
excludes data deficient evaluations. NT, LR/cd, LC. Threatened comprises CR, EN and VU. Upper estimate additionally includes DD. Chart omits extinct (EX) species
Vulnerable (VU) species are considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
No subpopulations of insects have been evaluated by the IUCN.
For a species to be assessed as vulnerable to extinction the best available evidence must meet quantitative criteria set by the IUCN designed to reflect "a high risk of extinction in the wild". Endangered and critically endangered species also meet the quantitative criteria of vulnerable species, and are listed separately. See: List of endangered insects , List of critically endangered insects . Vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered species are collectively referred to as threatened species by the IUCN.
Additionally 1702 insect species (28% of those evaluated) are listed as data deficient , meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status. As these species typically have small distributions and/or populations, they are intrinsically likely to be threatened, according to the IUCN.[2] While the category of data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made for the taxa, the IUCN notes that it may be appropriate to give them "the same degree of attention as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be assessed."[3]
This is a complete list of vulnerable insect species and subspecies as evaluated by the IUCN.
Coleoptera
There are 50 beetle species assessed as vulnerable.
Dytiscids
Acilius duvergeri
Deronectes depressicollis
Deronectes ferrugineus
Dytiscus latissimus
Graphoderus bilineatus
Meladema lanio
Longhorn beetles
Cerambyx longicorn (Cerambyx cerdo)
Clytus clavicornis
Clytus triangulimacula
Delagrangeus schurmanni
Isotomus barbarae
Macrodontia cervicornis
Morimus funereus
Rosalia longicorn (Rosalia alpina)
Scarabaeids
Ciervo scarab beetle (Aegialia concinna)
Crescent dune scarab beetle (Aegialia crescenta)
Ateuchetus semipunctatus
Ateuchus squalidus
Aulacopris matthewsi
Canthon corpulentus
Canthon quadripunctatus
Clypeodrepanus striatus
Ontherus hadros
Onthophagus albarracinus
Pachysoma aesculapius
Pachysoma endroedyi
Pachysoma glentoni
Pedaridium hirsutum
Platyonitis bicuariensis
Giuliani's dune scarab beetle (Pseudocotalpa giulianii)
Other beetle species
Ampedus brunnicornis
Ampedus hjorti
Anonyxmolytes lilliput
Carabus olympiae
Cobblestone tiger beetle (Cicindela marginipennis)
Globose dune beetle (Coelus globosus)
San Joaquin dune beetle (Coelus gracilis)
Colophon cameroni
Colophon neli
Colophon stokoei
Colophon westwoodi
Blind cave beetle (Glacicavicola bathysciodes)
Gnorimus decempunctatus
Leipaspis lauricola
Melasis fermini
Microblattellus lecongmani
Frigate Island giant tenebrionid beetle (Polposipus herculeanus)
Gammon's riffle beetle (Stenelmis gammoni)
Thorectes valencianus
Triplax emgei
Diptera
Belkin's dune tabanid fly (Brennania belkini)
Tasmanian torrent midge (Edwardsina tasmaniensis)
Beautiful-winged fruit fly (Scaptomyza horaeoptera)
Hymenoptera
There are 155 species in the order Hymenoptera assessed as vulnerable.
Ants
Colletids
Colletes dimidiatus
Colletes moricei
Colletes pulchellus
Melittids
Melitta hispanica
Melitta kastiliensis
Apids
Bombus alpinus
Obscure bumble bee (Bombus caliginosus)
Yellow bumblebee (Bombus fervidus)
Bombus medius
Bombus mexicanus
Morrison bumble bee (Bombus morrisoni)
Western bumblebee (Bombus occidentalis)
American bumblebee (Bombus pensylvanicus)
Yellow-banded bumblebee (Bombus terricola)
Nomada noskiewiczi
Megachilids
Wallace's giant bee (Megachile pluto)
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera comprises moths and butterflies. There are 128 species and ten subspecies in the order Lepidoptera assessed as vulnerable.
Lasiocampids
Small lappet moth (Phyllodesma ilicifolia)
Swallowtail butterflies
Atrophaneura atropos
Atrophaneura luchti
Atrophaneura schadenbergi
Zetides swallowtail (Battus zetides)
Ludlow's Bhutan swallowtail (Bhutanitis ludlowi)
Yellow kite swallowtail (Eurytides iphitas)
Andamans swordtail (Graphium epaminondas)
Graphium idaeoides
Meek's graphium (Graphium meeki)
Graphium megaera
Graphium procles
Graphium stresemanni
Obi Island birdwing (Ornithoptera aesacus)
Rothschild's birdwing (Ornithoptera rothschildi)
Papilio carolinensis
Papilio esperanza
Jordan's swallowtail (Papilio jordani)
Cream-banded swallowtail (Papilio leucotaenia)
Papilio mangoura
Papilio neumoegeni
Papilio osmana
Papillon la pature (Papilio phorbanta)
Fluminense swallowtail (Parides ascanius)
Apollo (Parnassius apollo)
Parnassius autocrator
Jamaican kite (Protographium marcellinus)
Talaud black birdwing (Troides dohertyi)
Buru opalescent birdwing (Troides prattorum)
Caucasian festoon (Zerynthia caucasica)
Lycaenids
Alaena margaritacea
Aloeides caledoni
Aloeides carolynnae
Aloeides dentatis
Aloeides kaplani
Aloeides lutescens
Aloeides merces
Aloeides pringlei
Aloeides rossouwi
Aslauga australis
Capys penningtoni
Cyanophrys bertha
Erikssonia acraeina
White spotted sapphire (Iolaus lulua)
Lepidochrysops balli
Lepidochrysops jefferyi
Lepidochrysops littoralis
Lepidochrysops loewensteini
Lepidochrysops oosthuizeni
Lepidochrysops outeniqua
Lepidochrysops pephredo
Lepidochrysops poseidon
Lepidochrysops pringlei
Lepidochrysops swanepoeli
Lepidochrysops titei
Lepidochrysops victori
Lepidochrysops wykehami
Tiassale liptena (Liptena tiassale)
Hermes copper (Lycaena hermes)
Grecian copper (Lycaena ottomana)
Orachrysops ariadne
Phasis pringlei
Poecilmitis adonis
Azure opal (Poecilmitis azurius)
Poecilmitis balli
Poecilmitis daphne
Poecilmitis endymion
Poecilmitis henningi
Poecilmitis hyperion
Poecilmitis irene
Poecilmitis kaplani
Tsomo River copper (Poecilmitis lyncurium)
Poecilmitis lyndseyae
Poecilmitis orientalis
Poecilmitis penningtoni
Poecilmitis pyramus
Poecilmitis stepheni
Poecilmitis trimeni
Poecilmitis wykehami
Higgin's anomalous blue (Polyommatus galloi)
Sierra Nevada blue (Polyommatus golgus)
Ipharcamon blue (Polyommatus iphicarmon)
Lycian blue (Polyommatus lycius)
Polyommatus orphicus
Sinai hairstreak (Satyrium jebelia)
Avalon hairstreak (Strymon avalona)
Thestor compassbergae
Thestor dryburghi
Kaplan's Thestor (Thestor kaplani)
Thestor pringlei
Thestor rossouwi
Thestor stepheni
Thestor strutti
Thestor swanepoeli
Thestor tempe
Thestor yildizae
Nymphalids
Species
Madagascan friar (Amauris nossima)
Mauritian friar (Amauris phoedon)
Uncompahgre fritillary (Boloria acrocnema)
Balkan heath (Coenonympha orientalis)
Raetzer's ringlet (Erebia christi)
Sudeten ringlet (Erebia sudetica)
Andaman crow (Euploea andamanensis)
Cordelia's crow (Euploea cordelia)
Mascarene crow (Euploea euphon)
Spartan crow (Euploea lacon)
Magou (Euploea magou)
Nicobar crow (Euploea scherzeri)
El Hierro grayling (Hipparchia bacchus)
La Palma grayling (Hipparchia tilosi)
Electra's tree-nymph (Idea electra)
Bedford-Russell's tree-nymph (Idea tambusisiana)
Ideopsis oberthurii
New Ireland yellow tiger (Parantica clinias)
D'Abrera's tiger (Parantica dabrerai)
Dannatt's tiger (Parantica dannatti)
Angled tiger (Parantica garamantis)
Sumbawa tiger (Parantica philo)
Felder's tiger (Parantica phyle)
Toxopeus' yellow tiger (Parantica toxopei)
Flores tiger (Parantica wegneri)
Dils' grayling (Pseudochazara orestes)
Crow tiger (Tirumala euploeomorpha)
Subspecies
Danaus affinis jimiensis
Danaus melanippus keteus
Outcast crow (Euploea algea abjecta)
Euploea algea eleutho
Euploea algea schmeltzi
Euploea crameri albomaculata
Euploea mulciber elwesii
Euploea radamanthus schreiberi
Parantica weiskei thalassina
Sarangani tiger (Tirumala choaspes tumanana)
Skippers
Dakota Skipper (Hesperia dacotae)
Cinquefoil skipper (Pyrgus cirsii)
Pierids
Canary brimstone (Gonepteryx cleobule)
Atewa dotted border (Mylothris atewa)
Moroccan green-veined white (Pieris segonzaci)
Mantodea
Delicate dwarf mantis (Ameles gracilis)
Fringed dwarf mantis (Ameles limbata)
Short-winged dwarf mantis (Pseudoyersinia subaptera)
Notoptera
Mount St Helens' grylloblattid (Grylloblatta chirurgica)
Odonata
Odonata includes dragonflies and damselflies. There are 129 species and five subspecies in the order Odonata assessed as vulnerable.
Chlorogomphids
Chlorogomphus brevistigma
Chlorogomphus gracilis
Chlorogomphus nakamurai
Chlorogomphus xanthoptera
Chloropetalia selysi
Watanabeopetalia uenoi
Chlorocyphids
Banded jewel (Africocypha centripunctata)
Kaleidoscope jewel (Africocypha lacuselephantum)
Albertine jewel (Chlorocypha schmidti)
Libellago andamanensis
Tanzania jewel (Platycypha auripes)
Rhinocypha dorsosanguinea
Rhinocypha latimacula
Mahale jewel (Stenocypha hasta)
Platycnemidids
Calicnemia nipalica
Coeliccia exoleta
Coeliccia flavostriata
Coeliccia fraseri
Disparoneura apicalis
Yellow-fronted threadtail (Elattoneura dorsalis)
Elattoneura pasquinii
Lieftinckia lairdi
Nososticta phoenissa
Nososticta plagioxantha
Risiocnemis pulchra
Ceres stream-damsel (Spesbona angusta)
Megapodagrionids
Heteragrion flavovittatum
Cuban hypolestes (Hypolestes trinitatis)
Zoe waterfall damsel (Paraphlebia zoe)
Philogenia cristalina
Philosina alba
Little wood elf (Sciotropis cyclanthorum)
Teinopodagrion temporale
Gomphids
Species
Top end dragon (Antipodogomphus dentosus)
Cape thorntail (Ceratogomphus triceraticus)
Crenigomphus abyssinicus
Crenigomphus denticulatus
Cyclogomphus gynostylus
Gomphus lucasii
Tennessee clubtail (Gomphus sandrius)
Westfall's clubtail (Gomphus westfalli)
Kakadu vicetail (Hemigomphus magela)
Lamelligomphus tutulus
Macrogomphus lankanensis
Nepogomphoides stuhlmanni
Dark pincertail (Onychogomphus assimilis)
Waved pincertail (Onychogomphus flexuosus)
Levant pincertail (Onychogomphus macrodon)
Paragomphus tachyerges
Pegtail (Perigomphus pallidistylus)
Phyllogomphoides joaquini
Yellow-sided clubtail (Stylurus potulentus)
Townes's clubtail (Stylurus townesi)
Subspecies
Erpetogomphus lampropeltis lampropeltis
Coenagrionids
Species
Chimanimani bluet (Africallagma cuneistigma)
Liberian wisp (Agriocnemis angustirami)
Antiagrion blanchardi
Sabino dancer (Argia sabino)
Yellow waxtail (Ceriagrion citrinum)
Turkish red damsel (Ceriagrion georgifreyi)
Cretan bluet (Coenagrion intermedium)
East coast giant (Coryphagrion grandis)
Cuban bluet (Enallagma truncatum)
Ethiopian bluetail (Ischnura abyssinica)
San Francisco forktail (Ischnura gemina)
Ischnura pamelae
Mecistogaster asticta
Oahu damselfly (Megalagrion oahuense)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion oceanicum)
Pacific Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion pacificum)
Orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion xanthomelas)
Mesamphiagrion ovigerum
Mesamphiagrion rosseri
Pericnemis triangularis
Pseudagrion bicoerulans
Pseudagrion guichardi
Pseudagrion kaffinum
Harlequin sprite (Pseudagrion newtoni)
Pseudagrion pontogenes
Vumba sprite (Pseudagrion vumbaense)
Indian Ocean fineliner (Teinobasis alluaudi)
Telebasis farcimentum
Subspecies
Somalian bluet (Azuragrion somalicum amitinum)
Frey's damselfly (Coenagrion hylas freyi)
Blackline damselfly (Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum)
Pseudagrion sublacteum mortoni
Aeshnids
Thylacine darner (Acanthaeschna victoria)
Gynacantha bispina
Gynacantha constricta
Petaliaeschna flavipes
Yemen hawker (Pinheyschna yemenensis)
Planaeschna celia
Sarasaeschna niisatoi
Libellulids
Atoconeura aethiopica
Bironides teuchestes
Dark-winged groundling (Brachythemis fuscopalliata)
Diplacina arsinoe
Purple skimmer (Libellula jesseana)
Micrathyria divergens
Micrathyria pseudhypodidyma
Mangrove skimmer (Orthetrum poecilops)
Sympetrum gracile
Urothemis abbotti
Other Odonata species
Argiolestes realensis
Bayadera hyalina
Elegant malachite (Chlorolestes elegans)
Cora lugubris
Say's spiketail (Cordulegaster sayi)
Drepanosticta centrosaurus
Marbled malachite (Ecchlorolestes peringueyi)
Euphaea basalis
Euphaea pahyapi
Guatemalan rubyspot (Hetaerina rudis)
Rock narrow-wing (Lithosticta macra)
Macromia erato
Macromia irina
Macromia katae
Splendid cruiser (Macromia splendens)
Metaphya elongata
African twigtail (Nubiolestes diotima)
Red relic (Pentaphlebia stahli)
Peaked redspot (Phyllopetalia excrescens)
Platysticta deccanensis
Protosticta khaosoidaoensis
Protosticta sanguinostigma
Bulgarian emerald (Somatochlora borisi)
Texas emerald (Somatochlora margarita)
Yellow presba (Syncordulia gracilis)
Mahogany presba (Syncordulia venator)
Synthemis alecto
Green-banded sparklewing (Umma declivium)
Angola sparklewing (Umma femina)
Purple sparklewing (Umma purpurea)
Ringed boghaunter (Williamsonia lintneri)
Orthoptera
There are 137 species in the order Orthoptera assessed as vulnerable.
Crickets
Howarth's cave cricket (Caconemobius howarthi)
Schauinsland's bush cricket (Caconemobius schauinslandi)
Kaumana cave cricket (Caconemobius varius)
Lanzarote malpais cricket (Hymenoptila lanzarotensis)
Metioche luteolus
Karpathos glandular cricket (Ovaliptila kinzelbachi)
Dodecanese glandular cricket (Ovaliptila nana)
Phalangacris phaloricephala
Volcanoes cave cricket (Thaumatogryllus cavicola)
Kauai thin-footed bush cricket (Thaumatogryllus variegatus)
Acridids
Usambara slant-faced grasshopper (Acrida bara)
Uvarov's bird grasshopper (Acridoderes uvarovi)
Idaho point-headed grasshopper (Acrolophitus pulchellus)
Usambara burrowing grasshopper (Acrotylus apicalis)
Usambara forest edge grasshopper (Afrophlaeoba usambarica)
Michigan bog grasshopper (Appalachia arcana)
Wembere grasshopper (Aulacobothrus popovi)
Tanzanian miombo grasshopper (Cardeniopsis regalis)
Siskiyou Chloealtis grasshopper (Chloealtis aspasma)
White-tipped grasshopper (Chorthippus acroleucus)
Ufipa blue-winged grasshopper (Chromochokwea fitzgeraldi)
Calabrian gold grasshopper (Chrysochraon beybienkoi)
Banat grasshopper (Eozubovskya banatica)
Udzungwa noble grasshopper (Eupropacris uniformis)
Eximacris superbum
Three-spotted forest grasshopper (Heteracris trimaculata)
Reatine Italian grasshopper (Italohippus modestus)
Kilimanjaro drumming grasshopper (Ixalidium sjostedti)
Usambara drumming grasshopper (Ixalidium transiens)
Long-winged mountain grasshopper (Miramella irena)
Romanian mountain grasshopper (Odontopodisma montana)
Red-legged mountain grasshopper (Odontopodisma rubripes)
Erimanthos mountain grasshopper (Oropodisma erymanthosi)
Kyllini mountain grasshopper (Oropodisma kyllinii)
Macedonian mountain grasshopper (Oropodisma macedonica)
Tayetos mountain grasshopper (Oropodisma taygetosi)
Turkish black sea coast grasshopper (Rammeihippus turcicus)
Almeria sand grasshopper (Sphingonotus almeriense)
Tenerife sand grasshopper (Sphingonotus picteti)
Rugose sand grasshopper (Sphingonotus rugosus)
Eurasian toothed grasshopper (Stenobothrus eurasius)
Stenopelmatids
Kelso Jerusalem cricket (Ammopelmatus kelsoensis)
Port Conception Jerusalem cricket (Ammopelmatus muwu)
Poor knights weta (Deinacrida fallai)
Wetapunga (Deinacrida heteracantha)
Stephens Island weta (Deinacrida rugosa)
Coachella Valley Jerusalem cricket (Stenopelmatus cahuilaensis)
Navajo Jerusalem cricket (Stenopelmatus navajo)
Tettigoniids
Richtersveld katydid (Africariola longicauda)
Marakele delicate katydid (Amyttacta marakelensis)
Short-winged tonged bush-cricket (Anadrymadusa brevipennis)
Dilated false shieldback (Aroegas dilatatus)
Flat-necked shieldback (Arytropteris basalis)
Austrosaga spinifer
Sierra Nevadan saddle bush-cricket (Baetica ustulata)
Nihoa conehead katydid (Banza nihoa)
Big pine key conehead katydid (Belocephalus micanopy)
Keys short-winged conehead katydid (Belocephalus sleighti)
Tenerife green bush-cricket (Calliphona koenigi)
Canarian laurel bush-cricket (Canariola nubigena)
Lalande's black-winged clonia (Clonia lalandei)
Uvarov's clonia (Clonia uvarovi)
Peringuey's meadow katydid (Conocephalus peringueyi)
Zlobin's meadow katydid (Conocephalus zlobini)
Remote conehead katydid (Euconocephalus remotus)
Annamaria's marbled bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera annamariae)
Cretan marbled bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera cretica)
Idi marbled bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera forcipata)
Skaronero marbled bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera gemellata)
Giulia's marbled bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera giuliae)
Ikaria marbled bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera icariensis)
Jacqueline's marbled bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera jacquelinae)
Hidden marbled bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera latens)
Lefkas marbled bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera leucasi)
Marianne's marbled bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera mariannae)
Pale-legged marbled bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera pallipes)
Hemisaga lucifer
Hemisaga vepreculae
Metrioptera domogledi
Southern barbed-wire bush-cricket (Onconotus servillei)
Pachysaga munggai
Drakensberg grass false shieldback (Paracilacris lateralis)
Golden Gate grass false shieldback (Paracilacris mordax)
Vardousia Greek bush-cricket (Parnassiana coracis)
Dirphys Greek bush-cricket (Parnassiana dirphys)
Tawny Greek bush-cricket (Parnassiana fusca)
Parnon Greek bush-cricket (Parnassiana parnon)
Slim Greek bush-cricket (Parnassiana tenuis)
Phasmodes jeeba
Psacadonotus seriatus
Gavrogo bush-cricket (Rhacocleis crypta)
Cretan bush-cricket (Rhacocleis derrai)
Lesbos bush-cricket (Rhacocleis distinguenda)
Ferdinand's bush-cricket (Rhacocleis ferdinandi)
Stone-jumping bush-cricket (Rhacocleis lithoscirtetes)
Common predatory bush-cricket (Saga pedo)
Golden Gate seedpod shieldback (Thoracistus aureoportalis)
Green-kneed seedpod shieldback (Thoracistus viridicrus)
Windbalea viride
Zaprochilus ninae
Rhaphidophorids
Arizona giant sand treader cricket (Daihinibaenetes arizonensis)
Kalymnos cave-cricket (Dolichopoda calidnae)
Cassagnau's cave-cricket (Dolichopoda cassagnaui)
Kefalari cave-cricket (Dolichopoda dalensi)
Lefkas cave-cricket (Dolichopoda gasparoi)
Giuliana's cave-cricket (Dolichopoda giulianae)
Perama cave-cricket (Dolichopoda graeca)
Ithaka cave-cricket (Dolichopoda ithakii)
Kalithea cave-cricket (Dolichopoda kalithea)
Matsakis' cave-cricket (Dolichopoda matsakisi)
Naxos cave-cricket (Dolichopoda naxia)
Cephalonia cave-cricket (Dolichopoda pavesii)
Pan cave-cricket (Dolichopoda petrochilosi)
Thassos cave-cricket (Dolichopoda thasosensis)
Kelso giant sand treader cricket (Macrobaenetes kelsoensis)
Coachelia giant sand treader cricket (Macrobaenetes valgum)
Pristoceuthophilus sp. nov.
Tasmanoplectron isolatum
Tanner's black camel cricket (Utabaenetes tanneri)
Phaneropterids
Mute winter katydid (Brinckiella aptera)
Karoo winter katydid (Brinckiella karooensis)
Mauerberger's winter katydid (Brinckiella mauerbergerorum)
Cozia plump bush-cricket (Isophya harzi)
Long-tailed plump bush-cricket (Isophya longicaudata)
Athos bright bush-cricket (Poecilimon athos)
Ikaria bright bush-cricket (Poecilimon ikariensis)
Istanbul bright bush-cricket (Poecilimon istanbul)
Kadiytsa bright bush-cricket (Poecilimon pechevi)
Short-tailed bull bush-cricket (Polysarcus scutatus)
East coast katydid (Pomatonota dregii)
Other Orthoptera species
Canarian tiny cricket (Cycloptiloides canariensis)
Keys scaly cricket (Cycloptilum irregularis)
Pinaleno monkey grasshopper (Eumorsea pinaleno)
Cretan stone grasshopper (Orchamus raulinii)
Desert monkey grasshopper (Psychomastax deserticola)
Sierra pygmy grasshopper (Tetrix sierrana)
Uvarovitettix transsylvanicus
Phasmatodea
Peppermint stick insect (Megacrania batesii)
Plecoptera
Otway stonefly (Eusthenia nothofagi)
Mount Kosciusko wingless stonefly (Leptoperla cacuminis)
See also
References
"IUCN Red List version 2016.1" . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Retrieved 4 July 2016 . "Limitations of the Data" . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Retrieved 11 January 2016 . "2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1)" . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Retrieved 11 January 2016 .
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