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Many cacti are known to be psychoactive, containing phenethylamine alkaloids such as mescaline.[1] However, the two main ritualistic (folkloric) genera are Echinopsis, of which the most psychoactive species is the San Pedro cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi, syn. Trichocereus pachanoi), and Lophophora, with peyote (Lophophora williamsii) being the most psychoactive species. Several other species pertaining to other genera are also psychoactive, though not always used with a ritualistic intent.[2][3][4]

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Ethnic Use

Several world regions have historically used psychoactive cacti for their properties, particularly Indigenous peoples from North America and South America, such as in Mexico and the Andes region. For this purpose (which includes commercial harvesting) cacti plants are specifically grown in the millions.[5] Lophophora williamsii (peyote) is used by the Native American Church (aka Peyotism).

Species

Globular cacti

• Lophophora williamsii (peyote)

Other "peyotes"

• Ariocarpus fissuratus
• Coryphantha compacta (syn. C. palmeri)
• Pelecyphora aselliformis
• Pelecyphora strobiliformis
• Lophophora diffusa
• Ariocarpus retusus
• Ariocarpus agavoides; kotschoubeyanus; and other species
• Astrophytum asterias; capricorne; myriostigma; and other species
• Aztekium ritteri; and other species
• Coryphantha elephantidens; macromeris (var. runyonii); palmeri; and other species
• Echinocactus grandis; grusonii; platyacanthus; visnaga; and other species
• Epithelantha micromeris; and other species
• Leuchtenbergia principis'; and other species
• Lophophora species
• Mammillaria craigii; grahamii (var. oliviae); heyderi; (Dolichothele) longimamma; (Solisia) pectinifera; (Mamillopsis) senilis; sonorensis; and other species
• Obregonia denegrii
• Strombocactus disciformis
• Turbinicarpus laui; lophophoroides; jauernigii; (Pelecyphora) pseudopectinatus; schmiedickeanus; and other species

Other

Other North American psychoactive and/or medicinal cacti.

• Carnegiea gigantea
• Echinocereus salm-dyckianus (var. scheeri); triglochidiatus; and other species
• Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum; pringlei

Arborescent and columnar cacti

Echinopsis

• Echinopsis lageniformis (syn. Trichocereus bridgesii) (Bolivian torch cactus)
• Echinopsis macrogona (syn. Trichocereus macrogonus), > 0.01-0.05% Mescaline[6]
• Echinopsis pasacana ssp. atacamensis
• Echinopsis pachanoi (syn. Trichocereus pachanoi) (San Pedro cactus)
• Echinopsis peruviana (syn. Trichocereus peruvianus) (Peruvian torch cactus)
• Echinopsis scopulicola (syn. Trichocereus scopulicolus), 0.82% mescaline by dry weight in the outer green layer.[7]
• Echinopsis spachiana (syn. Trichocereus spachianus), Mescaline;[8] Mescaline[8]
• Echinopsis tacaquirensis subsp. taquimbalensis (syn. Trichocereus taquimbalensis),[9] > 0.005-0.025% mescaline[6]
• Echinopsis terscheckii (syn. Trichocereus terscheckii, Trichocereus werdemannianus)[10] > 0.005-0.025% Mescaline;[6] mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[11]
• Echinopsis valida (syn. E. validus), 0.025% mescaline[12]
• Echinopsis werdermannianus

Other

Other South American psychoactive and/or medicinal cacti

• Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (syn. Opuntia cylindrica),[13] Mescaline[8]
• Armatocereus laetus
• Browningia spp.
• Cylindropuntia echinocarpa (syn. Opuntia echinocarpa), Mescaline 0.01%, DMPEA 0.01%, 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%[8]
• Cylindropuntia spinosior (syn. Opuntia spinosior),[14] Mescaline 0.00004%, 3-methoxytyramine 0.001%, tyramine 0.002%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine.[8]
• Epostoa lanata
• Matucana madisoniorum
• Neoraimondia macrostibas
• Opuntia acanthocarpa Mescaline[15]
• Opuntia basilaris Mescaline 0.01%, plus 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine[8]
• Selenicereus grandiflorus
• Stetsonia coryne

Legality

See also

• Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record
• List of Acacia species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids
• List of plants used for smoking
• List of psychoactive plants
• List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals
• N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
• Psilocybin mushrooms

References/Sources

External links

• Media related to Psychoactive cacti at Wikimedia Commons
• www.cactus-mall.com

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