The tench or doctor fish (Tinca tinca) is a fresh- and brackish-water fish of the order Cypriniformes found throughout Eurasia from Western Europe including the British Isles east into Asia as far as the Ob and Yenisei Rivers.[3] It is also found in Lake Baikal.^{[citation needed]} It normally inhabits slow-moving freshwater habitats, particularly lakes and lowland rivers.[4][5]

Tench
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Cypriniformes
Family:	Cyprinidae
Subfamily:	Tincinae
Genus:	Tinca Garsault, 1764[2]
Species:	T. tinca
Binomial name
Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Tinca aurea Gmelin, 1788 Cyprinus tinca Linnaeus, 1758 Cyprinus tincaauratus Bloch, 1782 Cyprinus zeelt Lacepède, 1803 Cyprinus tincaurea Shaw, 1804 Tinca vulgaris Fleming, 1828 Tinca chrysitis Fitzinger, 1832 Tinca italica Bonaparte, 1836 Tinca communis Swainson, 1839 Tinca limosa Koch, 1840 Tinca linnei Malm, 1877

Taxonomy

The tench was formerly classified in the subfamily Leuciscinae with other Eurasian minnows, but more recent phylogenetic studies have supported it belonging to its own family Tincidae.[6][7]

Ecology

The tench is most often found in still waters with a clay or muddy substrate and abundant vegetation.[8] This species is rare in clear waters across stony substrate, and is absent altogether from fast-flowing streams. It tolerates water with a low oxygen concentration,[3] being found in waters where even the carp cannot survive.[8]

Tench feed mostly at night with a preference for animals, such as chironomids, on the bottom of eutrophic waters[9] and snails and pea clams in well-vegetated waters.[8][10]

Breeding takes place in shallow water usually among aquatic plants where the sticky green eggs can be deposited.[3] Spawning usually occurs in summer,[4] and as many as 300,000 eggs may be produced.[11] Growth is rapid, and fish may reach a weight of 0.11 kg (0.25 lb) within the first year.

Morphology

Tench have a stocky, carp-like shape and olive-green skin, darker above and almost golden below. The tail fin is square in shape. The other fins are distinctly rounded in shape.[8] The mouth is rather narrow and provided at each corner with a very small barbel.[12] Maximum size is 70 cm, though most specimens are much smaller.[13] A record fish caught in 2001 in England had a weight of 15 lb 3 oz (6.89 kg). The eyes are small and red-orange in colour.[14] Sexual dimorphism is absent or weak, limited to the adult females having a more convex ventral profile when compared with males.[13]

Males may also possess a very thick and flattened outer ray to the ventral fins.[12] Males are generally smaller than females, but can be recognised by having more curved lower fins and noticeable muscles around the base of the fins generally absent in female.^{[citation needed]}

The tench has very small scales, which are deeply embedded in a thick skin, making it as slippery as an eel.[12] Folklore has it that this slime cured any sick fish that rubbed against it, and from this belief arose the name doctor fish.[11]

Golden tench

An artificially bred variety of tench called the golden tench is a popular ornamental fish for ponds. This form varies in colour from pale gold through to dark red, and some fish have black or red spots on the flanks and fins. Though somewhat similar to the goldfish, because these fish have such small scales, their quality is rather different.[11]

Economic significance

Tench are edible, working well in recipes that would otherwise call for carp, but are rarely eaten these days.[8] They are shoaling fish that are popular quarries for coarse angling in rivers, lakes and canals.[3] Tench, particularly golden tench, are also kept as ornamental fish in ponds as they are bottom feeders that help to keep the waterways clean and healthy.[15]

Angling

Large tench may be found in gravel pits or deep, slow-moving waters with a clayey or silty bottom and copious aquatic vegetation. The best methods and bait to catch tench are float fishing and ledgering with a swim feeder using maggots, sweetcorn, pellets, bread, and worms. Fish over 1 kg (2 lb) in weight are very strong fighters when caught on a rod.[16]

References

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