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This is a list of North American mammals. It includes all mammals currently found in the United States, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Canada, Greenland, Bermuda, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean region, whether resident or as migrants. This article does not include species found only in captivity. Mammal species which became extinct in the last 10,000 to 13,000 years are also included in this article. Each species is listed, with its binomial name. Most established introduced species occurring across multiple states and provinces are also noted.

Some species are identified as indicated below:

Summary of 2006 IUCN Red List categories.

Conservation status - IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:

EX - extinct, EW - extinct in the wild
CR - critically endangered, EN - endangered, VU - vulnerable
NT - near threatened, LC - least concern
DD - data deficient, NE - not evaluated
(v. 2013.2, the data is current as of March 5, 2014[1])

and Endangered Species Act:

E - endangered, T - threatened
XN, XE - experimental non essential or essential population
E(S/A), T(S/A) - endangered or threatened due to similarity of appearance
(selected only taxa found in the US, the data is current as of March 28, 2014[2])

Opossums



Didelphidae



Armadillos



Dasypodidae



Cabassous



Chlamyphoridae



Pampatheriidae



Anteaters and tamanduas



Cyclopedidae



Myrmecophaga



Tamanduas



Sloths



Megalonychidae


Jefferson's ground sloth
Jefferson's ground sloth

Bradypus



Choloepus



Megatheriidae



Mylodontidae



Nothrotheriidae



Rodents



Echimyidae



Aplodontiidae


(ssp. A. r. nigra: E)

Beavers


North American beaver
North American beaver

Jumping mice


(Preble's meadow jumping mouse, Z. h. preblei: T)

Porcupines



Capybaras



Heptaxodontidae



Dasyproctidae



Cuniculidae



Capromyidae



Geomyidae


There has been much debate among taxonomists about which races of pocket gopher should be recognized as full species, and the following list cannot be regarded as definitive.

Botta's pocket gopher
Botta's pocket gopher

Heteromyidae


Ord's kangaroo rat
Ord's kangaroo rat
(Morro Bay kangaroo rat, D. h. morroensis: E)
(San Bernardino kangaroo rat, D. m. parvus: E)
(Fresno subspecies D. n. exilis and Tipton kangaroo rat, D. n. nitratoides: E)
(Pacific pocket mouse, P. l. pacificus: E)

Squirrels


Eastern gray squirrel
Eastern gray squirrel
Black-tailed prairie dog
Black-tailed prairie dog
Woodchuck
Woodchuck
Golden-mantled ground squirrel
Golden-mantled ground squirrel
Eastern chipmunk
Eastern chipmunk
(Delmarva fox squirrel, S. n. cinereus: E)
(Mount Graham red squirrel, T. f. grahamensis: E)
(Carolina northern flying squirrel G. s. coloratus and Virginia northern flying squirrel G. s. fuscus: E)

Cricetidae


There has been much debate among taxonomists about which races of mice and voles should be recognized as full species, and the following list cannot be regarded as definitive.

Eastern meadow vole
Eastern meadow vole
Muskrat
Muskrat
Deer mouse
Deer mouse
Cactus mouse
Cactus mouse
(ssp. scirpen: E)
(Key Largo woodrat, N. f. smalli: E)
(ssp. riparia: E)
(Choctawhatchee beach mouse, P. p. allophrys, Perdido Key beach mouse, P. p. trissyllepsis, St. Andrews beach mouse, P. p. peninsularis, Alabama beach mouse, P. p. ammobates and Anastasia Island beach mouse, P. p. phasma: E, Southeastern beach mouse, P. p. niveiventris: T)
(ssp. allapaticola: E)

Primates



Aotus



Howler monkeys



Spider monkeys



Cebus



Saguinus



Saimiri



Rabbits and hares



Leporidae


Black-tailed jackrabbit
Black-tailed jackrabbit
(Lower Keys marsh rabbit, S. p. hefneri: E)

Ochotonidae



Moles and shrews



Talpidae


Star-nosed mole
Star-nosed mole

Soricidae


Short-tailed shrew
Short-tailed shrew
Cinerous shrew
Cinerous shrew

Solenodontidae



Nesophontes



Bats



Vespertilionidae


Indiana bat
Indiana bat
Mexican long-nosed bat
Mexican long-nosed bat
(Hawaiian hoary bat, L. c. semotus: E)
(ssp. C. t. virginianus and C. t. ingens: E)

Molossidae



Antrozoidae



Pteronotus



Lonchophylla



Noctilionidae



Balantiopteryx



Mormoopidae



Phyllostomidae



Desmodus



Sturnira



Artibeus



Glossophaga



Carollia



Rhynchonycteris



Diclidurus



Diaemus



Diphylla



Natalus



Thyroptera



Uroderma



Vampyressa



Vampyrodes



Micronycteris



Anoura



Cynomops



Cormura



Cyttarops



Glyphonycteris



Lonchorhina



Lophostoma



Chrotopterus



Lampronycteris



Macrophyllum



Mimon



Phyllostomus



Tonatia



Trachops



Trinycteris



Promops



Centronycteris



Choeroniscus



Lichonycteris



Centurio



Hylonycteris



Musonycteris



Mesophylla



Chiroderma



Bauerus



Plecotus



Rhogeessa



Peropteryx



Phylloderma



Ametrida



Ectophylla



Platyrrhinus



Furipterus



Natalus



Monophyllus



Saccopteryx



Phyllonycteris



Carnivores



Felidae


Jaguar
Jaguar
(ssp. P. c. couguar E)

Canines


Gray wolf
Gray wolf
(ssp. U.l. littoralis, U. l. catalinae, U. l. santarosae and U. l. santacruzae: E)

Bears



Procyonidae



Mustelids


River otter
River otter
(ssp. E. l . nereis and E. l . kenyoni: T, ssp. E. l . nereis also XN)

Mephitidae



Eared seals


(ssp. E. j. monteriensis: LC, ssp. E. j. jubatus: EN) T (except west of 144° W, where E)

Odobenidae



Earless seals


Harbor seal
Harbor seal

Perissodactyla



Horses



Tapirs



Artiodactyla



Camelidae



Tayassuidae



Bovines


American bison
American bison
(Desert bighorn sheep, O. c. nelsoni and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, O. c. sierrae: E)
(ssp. S. t. tatarica: EN, ssp. S. t. mongolica EN)

Cervidae


(Columbian white-tailed deer, O. v. leucurus and Key deer, O. v. clavium: E)
(Migratory woodland caribou, R. t. caribou: E)

Antilocapridae


(Baja California pronghorn, A. a. peninsularis: E, Sonoran pronghorn, A. a. sonoriensis: E)

Cetacea



Delphinidae (oceanic dolphins)

Killer whales, Orcinus orcanear Unimak Island,eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska
Killer whales, Orcinus orca
near Unimak Island,
eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska

Monodontidae


Porpoise


Kogiidae


Physeteridae


Ziphiidae (beaked whales)

Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus
Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus

Eschrichtiidae


Balaenopteridae (rorquals)

(ssp. brevicauda - pygmy blue whale: DD, ssp. musculus North Pacific stock: LR/cd, ssp. musculus North Atlantic stock: VU)
  • Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera brydei[28]
  • Rice's whale, Balaenoptera ricei CR[28]

Balaenidae


Sirenia (sea cows)


Manatee, Trichechus manatusCrystal River, Florida
Manatee, Trichechus manatus
Crystal River, Florida

Trichechidae


(ssp. T. m . manatus - Antillean or Caribbean manatee: EN, ssp. T. m . latirostris - Florida manatee: EN)

Dugongidae



Proboscidea


Physical reconstruction of a mammoth and a mastodon
Physical reconstruction of a mammoth and a mastodon

Elephantidae



Mammutidae



Gomphothere



Introduced mammals



Myocastoridae



Muroidea



Leporidae



Cercopithecidae



Herpestidae



Mustelidae



Suidae



Bovidae



Cervidae



See also



Notes



  1. Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  2. Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as Opossum, D. marsupialis (merged Mexican, D. marsupialis and D. virginiana).

  3. Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  4. Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - mentioned only in the description of another species as possible split.
  5. Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - described separately as the nominative species but merged with another species.
  6. Texas pocket gopher, Geomys personatus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Baker et al. 2003,[3] - as 2 distinct species: Texas Pocket Gopher G. personatus and Strecker's Pocket Gopher G. streckeri.
  7. Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - described as the nominative species and 1 or 2 additional distinct species.
  8. Baker et al. 2003,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  9. Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - range not clear because described separately as the nominative species but merged with another species.
  10. Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] IUCN Red List.[7]
  11. Mexican fox squirrel, Sciurus nayaritensis: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - only as Apache fox squirrel S. apache.
  12. Mexican vole, Microtus mexicanus:
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List[7] - M. mexicanus.
    Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - only M. mogollonensis.
    North American Mammals NMNH SI[5] - M. mexicanus listed, but only M. mexicanus mogollensis (Arizona and New Mexico) described in "Mexican Vole (Microtus mexicanus)" chapter.
    IUCN Red List[7] - M. mexicanus sometimes split in two species: M. mexicanus and M. mogollonensis.[12][13]
    12 subspecies are recognized, 4 occur in the USA (1991[14]), Hualapai Mexican vole M. m. hualpaiensis is listed as endangered (E) under the Endangered Species Act.[2][14]
  13. Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] IUCN Red List.[7]
  14. Northern collared lemming, Dicrostonyx groenlandicus: Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Baker et al. 2003[3] - as 3 distinct species: Peary Land collared lemming D. groenlandicus, Bering collared lemming D. rubricatus and Victoria collared lemming D. kilangmiutak
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] - described separately as the nominative species but merged with D. exsul.
  15. Nelson's collared lemming, Dicrostonyx nelsoni: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Baker et al. 2003[3] - as 2 distinct species: Nelson's collared lemming D. nelsoni and St. Lawrence Island collared lemming D. exsul.
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] - mentioned only in the description of D. groenlandicus as possible split (D. exsul).
  16. Baker et al. 2003,[3] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  17. Northern rock mouse, Peromyscus nasutus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - mentioned only in the description of rock mouse, Peromyscus difficilis that P. difficilis was formerly known as P. nasuts, so range is not clear because these species are merged here.
  18. Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - described separately as the nominative species but probably merged with another species.
  19. Baker et al. 2003,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] IUCN Red List.[7]
  20. Long-tailed shrew, Sorex dispar: IUCN Red List.[7]

    Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] North American Mammals NMNH SI[5]
    - as 2 distinct species: longtail/long-tailed shrew S. dispar and Gaspé shrew S. gaspensis.
  21. Gaspé shrew, Sorex gaspensis: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] North American Mammals NMNH SI[5]
  22. North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] IUCN Red List.[7]
  23. Baker et al. 2003,[3] IUCN Red List.[7]
  24. Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] IUCN Red List.[7]
  25. Southwestern myotis, Myotis auriculus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - mentioned only in the description of long-eared myotis, M. evotis as possible split, occurring in southern N. Mexico.
  26. North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  27. Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  28. Velvety free-tailed bat: Baker et al. 2003,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - it is believed that colonies found in buildings in the Florida Keys were members of Molossidae.
  29. Prinstine mustached bat: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - possibly Florida.
    Extinct at the end of Pleistocene - in the USA found in Rancholabrean cave deposits in southern Florida (Monkey Jungle Hammock).[19]
  30. Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  31. Lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris yerbabuenae: Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Baker et al. 2003[3] - as southern long-nosed bat L. curasoae (L. yerbabuenae was included[20] in L. curasoae as a subspecies[21]).
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - mentioned only in the description of L. nivalis under the junior synonym[20] L. sanborni as possible split, so range is not clear here.
  32. Margay: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3).[6]
    Kays & Wilson 2002:[4] last record in Texas from 1852.[4]
  33. Red fox, Vulpes vulpes: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as North American V. fulva distinct from the Old World species V. vulpes.
  34. Brown bear, Ursus arctos: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as 2 distinct species: grizzly bear, U. horribilis and Kodiak bear, U. middendorffi, also distinct from the "worldwide" species U. arctos.
  35. Wolverine, Gulo gulo: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as North American G. luscus distinct from the Old World species G. gulo.
  36. Least weasel, Mustela nivalis: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as North American M. rixosa distinct from the Old World species M. nivalis.
  37. American hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus leuconotus: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - as 2 distinct species: eastern hog-nosed skunk C. leuconotus and western hog-nosed skunk C. mesoleucus.
  38. Guadalupe fur seal, Arctocephalus townsendi: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as Guadalupe fur seal A. philippi, formerly A. townsendi.
  39. Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  40. Moose, Alces americanus: North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] - as North American A. americanus (distinct from Eurasian elk A. alces).

    Alces alces: IUCN Red List,[7] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002.[4]
  41. Elk, Cervus canadensis: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] North American Mammals NMNH SI[5] (species list from the database).
    Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI[5] (Field Guide), Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List[7] - as "worldwide" C. elaphus (not North American C. canadensis.)
  42. Caribou, Rangifer tarandus: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as 3 distinct species: woodland caribou, R. caribou, barren-ground caribou, R. arcticus and Greenland caribou R. tarandus.
  43. Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] IUCN Red List.[7]
  44. Pygmy beaked whale: Kays & Wilson 2002:[4] one record in North America, Division of Mammals Collections NMNH SI:[26] two strandings in California (2001 and 2012).
  45. Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] IUCN Red List.[7]
  46. House mouse: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - only general range description.
  47. Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002.[4]
  48. Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  49. European rabbit: Baker et al. 2003.[3]
    Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - range not clear (islands on Pacific Coast).
    Introduced to Hawaii.[30]
  50. Sus scrofa: Baker et al. 2003[3] - feral pig or wild boar, Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - wild boar (Swine), Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - wild boar, Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - wild boar - feral populations, IUCN Red List[7] - wild boar - introduced.
  51. Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  52. Barbary sheep - free ranging.[45][46]
  53. Blackbuck - free ranging.[45][46][47][48]
  54. Nilgai - semi-free-ranging[45]/free-ranging.[46]
  55. Bezoar ibex - free-ranging: Florida Mountains near Deming New Mexico.[47]
  56. Gemsbok - free ranging.[50][47]
  57. Chital - free-ranging.[45]
  58. Red deer, elaphus division (not canadensis division) - introduced [6]
  59. Sambar - free ranging.[46]

References


  1. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  2. "Title 50: Wildlife and Fisheries, § 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife". US Government Printing Office. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  3. Robert J. Baker; Lisa C. Bradley; Robert D. Bradley; Jerry W. Dragoo; Mark D. Engstrom; Robert S. Hoffmann; Cheri A. Jones; Fiona Reid; Dale W. Rice & Clyde Jones (1 December 2003). "Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003" (PDF). Occasional Papers. Museum of Texas Tech University (229). ISSN 0149-175X. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  4. Kays, Roland W.; Wilson, Don E. (2002). Mammals of North America. Illustrated by Sandra Doyle, Nancy Halliday, Ron Klingner, Elizabeth McClelland, Consie Powell, Wendy Smith, Todd Zalewski, Diane Gibbons, Susan C. Morse, Jesse Guertin. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07012-1.
  5. "North American Mammals". Smithsonian Institution. National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 1 April 2014. This site is based on The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals, by Don E. Wilson and Sue Ruff (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999) and Mammals of North America, by Roland W. Kays and Don E. Wilson (Princeton University Press, 2002). Downloaded on 25 March 2014
    • Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  7. "Search Results: Mammalia North America 2014-03-29". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. IUCN. 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2014. Search terms Search by taxonomy: Mammalia, Search by location: North America, (Native, Introduced, Vagrant, Uncertain), Refinements : [X] Show regional assessments:, Taxa to show: Species, Subspecies and varieties, Stocks and subpopulation. Downloaded on 29 March 2014
  8. Burt, William Henry (Text and Maps); Grossenheider, Richard Philip (Illustrations) (1976). A Field Guide to the Mammals. North America north of Mexico. Peterson Field Guides (Third ed.). Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-91098-6.
  9. Haynes, Gary, ed. (23 December 2008). American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene (Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology). Springer Science + Business Media B. V. ISBN 978-1402087929. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  11. Yensen, E. (2019). "Urocitellus mollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T116989381A116989399. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T116989381A116989399.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  12. Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. & Reid, F. (2008). "Microtus mexicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  13. Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Microtus (see comments) mexicanus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  14. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1991). Hualpai Mexican Vole Recovery Plan (PDF). Albuquerque, New Mexico. pp. 28 pp. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  15. Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T., Lacher, T. & Vázquez, E. (2017). "Neotoma bryanti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T117189944A22371413. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T117189944A22371413.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. Turvey, Samuel T. (May 28, 2009). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199535095. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  17. Whitaker, John O.; Hamilton, William John (1998-06-28). Mammals of the Eastern United States (3rd ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801434754. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  18. Hutterer, R. (2005). "Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 220–311. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  19. Morgan, Gary S.; Emslie, Steven D. (2010). "Tropical and western influences in vertebrate faunas from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Florida" (PDF). Quaternary International. 217 (1–2): 143–158. Bibcode:2010QuInt.217..143M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.030. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  20. Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Leptonycteris yerbabuenae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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Further reading





Lists of Western Hemisphere mammals from north to south


List of mammals of Greenland
List of mammals of Antarctica


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