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The European sea sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), also known as the Atlantic sturgeon or common sturgeon, is a species of sturgeon native to Europe. It was formerly abundant, being found in coastal habitats all over Europe. It is anadromous and breeds in rivers. It is currently a critically endangered species.[1] Although the name Baltic sturgeon sometimes has been used, it has now been established that sturgeon of the Baltic region are A. oxyrinchus, a species otherwise restricted to the Atlantic coast of North America.[5]

European sturgeon
Acipenser sturio
Conservation status
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Acipenseriformes
Family:	Acipenseridae
Genus:	Acipenser
Species:	A. sturio
Binomial name
Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms[3][4]
List Acipenser attilus Rafinesque 1820 corrig. Gray 1851 Acipenser latirostris Parnell 1831-37 Acipenser hospitus Krøyer 1852 Acipenser thompsonii Ball 1856 Acipenser sturioides Malm 1861 Acipenser yarrellii Duméril 1867 Acipenser (Huso) milberti Duméril 1870 Acipenser (Huso) fitzingerii Valenciennes ex Duméril 1870 Acipenser (Huso) ducissae Duméril 1870 Acipenser (Huso) nehelae Duméril 1870 Acipenser (Huso) podapos Duméril 1870 Acipenser (Huso) valenciennii Duméril 1870 Acipenser laevissimus Valenciennes ex Duméril 1870 Acipenser europaeus Brusina 1902 Acipenser shipus Güldenstädt 1772 non Lovetzky 1834 Antacea shipa (Güldenstadt 1772) Antaceus shipus (Güldenstadt 1772) Shipa shipa (Güldenstädt 1772) Sturio vulgaris Rafinesque 1810 Acipenser vulgaris (Rafinesque 1810) Billberg 1833 Acipenser atlanticus Rafinesque 1820 corrig.

Description

The wedge-shaped head of the European sea sturgeon ends in a long point. There are many sensitive barbels on the facial area. The dorsal fins are located very far back on the body. Five longitudinal lines of large osseous plates are found on the body of the fish. The stomach is yellow and the back is a brownish grey.^{[citation needed]}

This sturgeon can reach 6 m (20 ft) and 400 kg (880 lb) in weight, but a more common length is 1.25 m (4 ft 1 in).They can reach an age of 100 years, and have a late sexual maturity (12 to 14 years for the males and 16 to 18 years for the females).

Distribution and habitat

They are found on the coasts of Europe, except in the northernmost regions and the Baltic region, and have rarely even been known to cross the Atlantic Ocean to the coasts of North America. Like many other sturgeons, they spawn in the rivers inland from the coast.^{[citation needed]} The species can tolerate wide spread salinities and spend most of their lives in saltwater but migrate to spawn in freshwater.

Conservation

At the beginning of the 19th century, these fish were used extensively to produce caviar, but have been a protected species in Europe since 1982. Despite their estimated range of distribution, they have become so rare that they only breed in the Garonne river basin in France.[6] Conservation projects involving this species include reintroductions based on specimens from aquaculture with the first releases in 1995.[1] For example, 87 sturgeons were experimentally released in the Rhine near Nijmegen in 2012 and 2015.[7]

Diet

Like other sturgeons, they eat polychaete worms and crustaceans which they find with their barbels.[8]

Threats

Historical habitat changes to the European sturgeon, such as gravel extraction from riverbeds and damming of the Dordogne and Garonne Rivers, have resulted in a reduction in the number of available spawning sites, contributing to the species' low abundance and regional dispersion. Furthermore, despite recent gains in compliance with fisheries bans, bycatch in commercial benthic trawls and gillnet fisheries threatens reintroduction attempts and is regarded the biggest threat to the remaining population and a major impediment to the species' recovery.

Population

Although no specific population estimates are available, the abundance of wild, mature European Sturgeon is estimated to be less than 800 individuals. The last time the species hatched was in the Garonne River in France in 1994, and genetic analysis reveals that the 1994 cohort was formed by only one mating pair. Because the wild population is so small, a captive breeding and stocking program is vital to the species' survival. Although restoration operations, such as artificially bred individual restocking, have been successful in the Gironde estuary and the Elbe River (Germany), recovery for the European sturgeon is a long process that might take 30-50 years. Bycatch in commercial trawls and gillnets, pollution, climate change, and potential competition with other species are all dangers to the species right now.

Scientific Classification

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Chordata
Class	Actinopterygii
Order	Acipenseriformes
Family	Acipenseridae
Genus	Acipenser
Species	sturio

References

• "Acipenser sturio". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 March 2006.
• Burnie, David, ed. (2001), "European sturgeon", Animal, Dorling Kindersly, p. 481

External links

• ARKive - images and movies of the European sea sturgeon(Acipenser sturio)

На других языках

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- [en] European sea sturgeon

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[es] Acipenser sturio

El esturión común (Acipenser sturio) es una especie de pez acipenseriforme de la familia Acipenseridae, quizás la especie más representativa del género Acipenser.

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[ru] Атлантический осётр

Атлантический осётр[1] (лат. Acipenser sturio) — вид рыб семейства осетровых. Самый большой представитель рода осетры в Евразии, крупнее его только белый осётр[2][3], обитающий у тихоокеанского побережья Северной Америки. Обитал в Северном и Балтийском море, у европейского побережья Атлантики, в Адриатическом море, в западной и южной части Чёрного моря, между 71° с. ш. и 34° с. ш. и 25° з . д. и 42° в. д. В море встречался на глубинах от 40 до 100 м[4]. Максимальная зарегистрированная длина 345 см[5]. До начала XX века — ценная промысловая рыба, с 1975 года внесён в Приложение I CITES, его вылов запрещён во всех странах, охраняется в рамках Бернской конвенции об охране дикой фауны[6][7].

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