bio.wikisort.org - PlantThe Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows is a montane grasslands and shrublands ecoregion of Nepal, India, and Tibet, which lies between the tree line and snow line in the western portion of the Himalaya Range.
Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows |
---|
Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows in Valley of Flowers National Park in Uttarakhand, India |
|
Realm | Palearctic |
---|
Biome | Montane grasslands and shrublands |
---|
Borders | |
---|
Bird species | 389[1] |
---|
Mammal species | 61[1] |
---|
|
Area | 70,200 km2 (27,100 sq mi) |
---|
Countries | China, India and Nepal |
---|
|
Habitat loss | 17.291%[1] |
---|
Protected | 19.18%[1] |
---|
Setting
The Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows covers an area of 70,200 square kilometres (27,100 sq mi), extending from the Kali Gandaki Gorge in central Nepal westwards across Uttarakhand and eastern Himachal Pradesh states of India to the gorge of the Sutlej River, and into southwestern Tibet. The alpine shrub and meadows lie between approximately 3,000 and 5,000 metres (9,800 and 16,400 ft) elevation.
The Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows lie east of the Kali Gandaki gorge, while the Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows lies west of the Sutlej. Below 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) lie the Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests. Permanent ice and snow lies above 5,000 metres (16,000 ft). To the north, the Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows transition to the drier Central Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe of central Tibet. The Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe lies to the southwest.
Flora
Alpine shrublands, dominated by rhododendrons, predominate at lower elevations close to the treeline.
Above the shrublands are alpine meadows, known as bugyals or bughiyals, which support a variety of herbaceous plants, including species of Anaphalis, Cyananthus, Jurinea, Morina, Potentilla, Gentiana, Delphinium, Meconopsis, Pedicularis, Anemone, Aster, Polygonum, Primula, and Saussurea. In the spring and summer, the alpine meadows are covered with brightly colored flowers.
On the upper slopes, low plants of genera Saxifraga, Allium, Corydalis, Eriophyton, Stellaria, Soroseris, and Cremanthodium grow among the boulders and scree.
An alpine steppe of Caragana pygma, C. gerardiana, Lonicera spinosa, Juniperus squamata, Juniperus indica, Ephedra gerardiana, Hippophae tibetana, Myricaria rosea, Lonicera spinulosa, and Berberis can be found in drier parts of the ecoregion.
Fauna
Large mammals include the snow leopard (Uncia uncia), bharal or Himalayan blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur), Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus), Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster), and mainland serow (Capricornis sumatraensis). Smaller mammals include weasels and pikas.
Conservation
Several protected areas lie within or partly within the ecoregion, including:
- Royal Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve (Nepal)
- Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary (Uttarakhand, India)
- Lippa Asrang Wildlife Sanctuary (Himachal Pradesh, India)
- Sangla Wildlife Sanctuary (Raksham Chitkul) (Himachal Pradesh, India)
- Gangotri National Park (Uttarakhand, India)
- Kedarnath Wild Life Sanctuary (Uttarakhand, India)
- Valley of Flowers National Park (Uttarakhand, India)
- Nanda Devi National Park (Uttarakhand, India)
- Shey-Phoksundo National Park (Nepal)
- Annapurna Conservation Area (Nepal)
See also
- List of ecoregions in India
References
-
Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.). The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26256-0.
|
---|
|
Government | Executive |
- Governor
- Chief Minister
- Council of Ministers
|
---|
Legislature |
- Legislative Assembly
- Speaker
- Leader of the Opposition
|
---|
Judiciary |
- High Court
- Chief Justice
- Lok Adalat
- Lokayukta
|
---|
Departments and agencies |
- Symbols
- Emblem
- Song
- Motto
- Foundation day
- Departments
- Environment and Forests
- Police
- Agencies
- Bar Council
- Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
- Election Commission
- Human Rights Commission
- Information Commission
- Public Service Commission
- Womens' Commission
- Industrial Development Corporation
- Urban Development Directorate
- Waqf Board
|
---|
|
---|
History | Ancient Kingdoms |
- Uttarakuru Kingdom
- Paurava Kingdom
- Khasa Janapada Kingdom
- Himalaya Kingdom
- Parvata Kingdom
- Kirata Kingdom
- Nanda Empire
- Maurya Empire
- Kushan Empire
- Kuninda Kingdom
- Gupta Empire
|
---|
Medieval Kingdoms |
- Garhwal Kingdom
- Kumaon Kingdom
- Katyuri dynasty
- Chand dynasty
- Khasa Kingdom
- Raika Kingdom
- Gorkha Kingdom
- Anglo-Nepalese War
- Treaty of Sugauli
|
---|
Colonial Uttarakhand | Company rule |
- Ceded and Conquered Provinces
- North-Western Provinces
- Agra Presidency
|
---|
Crown rule |
- United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
- United Provinces of British India
- United Provinces
|
---|
|
---|
Contemporary Uttarakhand |
- Rampur Tiraha firing
- Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh
|
---|
|
---|
Geography and Ecology | Geological features | Mountains | |
---|
Plains |
- Bhabar
- Terai
- Doab
- Ganges Basin
|
---|
|
---|
Ecoregions | |
---|
|
---|
Demographics | Ethnic groups | Indo-Aryans |
- Garhwalis
- Kumaonis
- Jaunsaris
- Buksas
- Tharus
|
---|
Tibeto-Burmans |
- Bhotiyas
- Rajis
- Jads
- Banrawats
|
---|
|
---|
Languages | |
---|
|
---|
Administrative divisions | Urban |
- Districts
- Tehsils
- Urban Local Bodies
|
---|
Rural |
- Parganas
- Community Development Blocks
|
---|
|
---|
Politics |
- Coolie-Begar movement
- Statehood movement
- Chipko movement
- Elections
- Assembly constituencies
- Parliamentary constituencies
|
---|
Tourism | Monuments |
- World Heritage Site
- Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
- Ramsar Wetland
- Monuments of National Importance
- State Protected Monuments
|
---|
Chardham Circuit | |
---|
National Parks |
- Gangotri
- Govind Pashu Vihar
- Jim Corbett
- Nanda Devi
- Rajaji
- Valley of Flowers
|
---|
|
---|
Sports | |
---|
Other topics |
- Transport
- Char Dham Highway
- Char Dham Railway
- Dehradun–Haridwar–Rishikesh Metro
- Music
- Cuisine
- Economy
- Education
- School education
- Higher education
- Awards and decorations
- Uttarakhand Ratna
- Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman
|
---|
Districts | |
---|
Major cities | |
---|
Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.
Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
2019-2024
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии