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Prunus domestica, the European plum is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae. A deciduous tree, it includes many varieties of the fruit trees known as plums in English, though not all plums belong to this species. The greengages and damsons also belong to subspecies of P. domestica.

Prunus domestica
Conservation status

Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Prunus
Subgenus: Prunus subg. Prunus
Section: Prunus sect. Prunus
Species:
P. domestica
Binomial name
Prunus domestica
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Druparia insititia Clairv.
    • Druparia prunus Clairv.
    • Prunus ambigua Salisb.
    • Prunus communis Huds.
    • Prunus dumetorum Callay
    • Prunus exigua Bechst.
    • Prunus insititia L.
    • Prunus italica Borkh.
    • Prunus lutea Bechst.
    • Prunus oeconomica Borkh.
    • Prunus sativa Rouy & Camus
    • Prunus subrotunda Bechst.
    • Prunus vinaria Bechst.

Its hybrid parentage was believed to be Prunus spinosa and P. cerasifera;[2][3] however recent cytogenetic evidence seem to implicate 2×, 4×, 6×[clarification needed] P. cerasifera as the sole wild stock from which the cultivated 6× P. domestica could have evolved.[4]


Description


Typically it forms a large shrub or a small tree. It may be somewhat thorny, with white blossom, borne in early spring. The oval or spherical fruit varies in size, but can be up to 8 centimetres (3 inches) across. The pulp is usually sweet,[5] but some varieties are sour. Like all Prunus fruits, it contains a single large seed, usually called a stone, which is discarded when eating.

  • A specimen with its first flowers at the end of February
    A specimen with its first flowers at the end of February
  • Flowers in spring
    Flowers in spring
  • Young leaves
    Young leaves
  • Unripe fruits
    Unripe fruits
  • Ripe fruits
    Ripe fruits

Taxonomy


Greengages
Mirabelle plum

Subspecies


Cullen et al. (1995) recognises three subspecies,[6] though scientific studies[which?] favor a more fine-grained separation:

  • P. domestica ssp. domestica – prune plums, zwetschge (including ssp. oeconomica)
  • P. domestica ssp. insititia – damsons and bullaces, krieche, kroosjes, perdrigon and other European varieties
  • P. domestica ssp. intermedia – egg plums (including Victoria plum)
  • P. domestica ssp. italica – gages (greengages, round plums etc.; including sspp. claudiana and rotunda)
  • P. domestica ssp. pomariorum – spilling
  • P. domestica ssp. prisca – zibarte
  • P. domestica ssp. syriaca – mirabelle plums

The subspecies cross easily, so that numerous intermediate forms can be found: their sweetness and tartness may vary, their colors varying from bluish-purple to red, orange, yellow or light green.


Cultivars


Various cultivars of plums with number labels – Imperial Gage (1), Damson (2), Lombard (3), Maynard (4) and Yellow Egg (5)
Various cultivars of plums with number labels – Imperial Gage (1), Damson (2), Lombard (3), Maynard (4) and Yellow Egg (5)

Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use. The following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:


Uses


The pulp is edible[19] and usually sweet, though some varieties are sour and require cooking with sugar to make them palatable.

Plums are grown commercially in orchards, but modern rootstocks, together with self-fertile strains, training and pruning methods, allow single plums to be grown in relatively small spaces. Their early flowering and fruiting means that they require a sheltered spot away from frosts and cold winds.[5]

Most prunes (dried plums) are made from fruits of this species.


References


  1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved January 27, 2014.
  2. Crane, M.B.; Lawrence, W.J.C. (1947). The Genetics of Garden Plants (PDF). MacMillan & Co. LTD. p. 233. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
  3. Khanizadeh, S.; Cousineau, J. (2000). Our Plums/Les Pruniers de chez nous. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/Agriculteur et Agroalimentaire Canada. ISBN 978-0-660-61568-4.
  4. Zohary, Daniel (1992-03-01). "Is the European plum, Prunus domestica L., a P. cerasifera EHRH. × P. spinosa L. allo-polyploid?". Euphytica. 60 (1): 75–77. doi:10.1007/BF00022260. ISSN 0014-2336. S2CID 10923512.
  5. Klein, Carol (2009). Grow Your Own Fruit. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-1-84533-4345.
  6. Cullen, J. et al. (1995). The European Garden Flora. Volume IV. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  7. "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus domestica 'Blue Rock'". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  8. "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus domestica 'Blue Tit'". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  9. "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus domestica 'Czar'". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  10. "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus domestica 'Imperial Gage'". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  11. "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus domestica 'Jefferson'". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  12. "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus domestica 'Laxton's Delight'". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  13. "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus domestica 'Mallard'". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  14. "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus domestica 'Marjory's Seedling'". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  15. "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus domestica 'Opal'". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  16. "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus domestica 'Oullins Gage'". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  17. "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus domestica 'Pershore'". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  18. "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus domestica 'Victoria'". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  19. Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 498. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prunus domestica.

На других языках

- [en] Prunus domestica

[es] Prunus domestica

Prunus domestica, el ciruelo europeo y sus múltiples variedades/cultivares, es una especie de pequeño árbol perteneciente a la familia de las rosáceas. La especie es originaria del Cáucaso, Anatolia y Persia y es ampliamente cultivada en todos los países templados.

[ru] Слива домашняя

Сли́ва дома́шняя (лат. Prúnus doméstica) — плодовое растение; вид рода Слива подсемейства Сливовые семейства Розовые.


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