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Malus sylvestris, the European crab apple, is a species of the genus Malus, native to Europe. Its scientific name means "forest apple" and the truly wild tree has thorns.

Malus sylvestris
Conservation status

Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Malus
Species:
M. sylvestris
Binomial name
Malus sylvestris

Description


Wild apple has an expanded crown and often appears more like a bush than a tree. It can live 80–100 years and grow up to 10 metres (33 feet) tall with trunk diameters of 23–45 centimetres (9–17+1⁄2 inches). Due to its weak competitiveness and high light requirement, wild apple is found mostly at the wet edge of forests, in farmland hedges or on very extreme, marginal sites.[2]

The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by insects.


Progenitor of cultivated apples


In the past M. sylvestris was thought to be the most important ancestor of the cultivated apple (M. domestica), which has since been shown to have been primarily derived from the central Asian species M. sieversii.[3] However another recent DNA analysis[4] confirms that M. sylvestris has contributed significantly to the genome.

The study found that secondary introgression from other species of the genus Malus has greatly shaped the genome of M. domestica, with M. sylvestris being the largest secondary contributor. It also found that current populations of M. domestica are more closely related to M. sylvestris than to M. sieversii. However, in more pure strains of M. domestica, the M. sieversii ancestry still predominates.


Distribution and habitat


The species originates from Central Asia, in the area currently known as Kazakhstan. The tree is currently rather rare but native to most European countries. It occurs in a scattered distribution pattern as single individuals or in small groups.[2]


Ecology


Its leaves are food of the caterpillars of the twin-spotted sphinx (Smerinthus jamaicensis) and possibly the hawthorn moth (Scythropia crataegella).




  • Tree
    Tree
  • At Vosseslag, Belgium
    At Vosseslag, Belgium
  • Blossoms at the Botanical Garden KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
    Blossoms at the Botanical Garden KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • Pink blossom
    Pink blossom
  • Ripe wild crab apples
    Ripe wild crab apples
  • Close-up of fruit and leaves (Southeast Michigan)
    Close-up of fruit and leaves (Southeast Michigan)
  • Fruit
    Fruit

See also



References


  1. "Malus sylvestris (Crab Apple, European Crab Apple, Pommier Sauvage)". Iucnredlist.org. 2010-04-16. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
  2. Stephan, B.R.; Wagner, I. & Kleinschmit, J. (2003), Wild apple and pear - Malus sylvestris/Pyrus pyraster: Technical guidelines of genetic conservation and use (PDF), European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-20, retrieved 2016-10-20
  3. Velasco R., Zharkikh A., Affourtit J. et al., The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Nature Genetics, 2010, 42, 10, 833
  4. Coart, E., Van Glabeke, S., De Loose, M., Larsen, A.S., Roldán-Ruiz, I. 2006. Chloroplast diversity in the genus Malus: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Mol. Ecol. 15 (8): 2171-82.

Further reading




Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malus sylvestris.

На других языках

[de] Holzapfel

Der Holzapfel (Malus sylvestris), auch als Europäischer Wildapfel oder Krabapfel (engl. Crab=Holzapfel)[1] bezeichnet, ist eine Laubbaum-Art aus der Gattung der Äpfel (Malus) in der Familie der Rosengewächse (Rosaceae).
- [en] Malus sylvestris

[es] Malus sylvestris

Malus sylvestris, el manzano silvestre[2] o manzano silvestre europeo, es una de las especies del género Malus originario de la Europa central. Su nombre científico significa "manzana del bosque". En el pasado se pensó que pudiera ser un antepasado importante del manzano de cultivo (Malus domestica), sin embargo ahora se sabe que proviene principalmente de la especie Malus sieversii de Asia central. Por otra parte, estudios genéticos recientes [3] confirman que M. sylvestris ha contribuido de manera secundaria, pero significativa, al genoma del manzano de cultivo (Malus domestica).

[it] Malus sylvestris

Il melo selvatico (Malus sylvestris Mill., 1768) è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Rosaceae.[2]

[ru] Яблоня лесная

Я́блоня лесна́я, или я́блоня ди́кая (лат. Málus sylvéstris) — вид яблони. Долгое время считалось, что именно она была родоначальницей яблони домашней. Однако по ДНК-анализу установлено, что известные 2500 сортов яблони домашней происходят от яблони Сиверса[2][3][4][5]. Тем не менее, другой ДНК-анализ показал, что дикая лесная яблоня также внесла существенный вклад в происхождение яблони домашней[6].


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