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Jasminum officinale, known as the common jasmine or simply jasmine, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae. It is native to the Caucasus and parts of Asia, also widely naturalized.

Jasminum officinale
Botanical illustration
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Oleaceae
Genus:	Jasminum
Species:	J. officinale
Binomial name
Jasminum officinale L.

It is also known as summer jasmine,[1] poet's jasmine,[2] white jasmine,[2] true jasmine or jessamine,[2] and is particularly valued by gardeners throughout the temperate world for the intense fragrance of its flowers in summer. It is also the National flower of Pakistan.

Description

Jasminum officinale is a vigorous, twining deciduous climber with sharply pointed pinnate leaves and clusters of starry, pure white flowers in summer, which are the source of its heady scent.[3] The leaf has 5 to 9 leaflets.[4]

Etymology

The Latin specific epithet officinale means "useful".[5]

Distribution

It is found in the Caucasus, northern Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Himalayas, Tajikistan, India, Nepal and western China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan). The species is also widely cultivated in many places, and is reportedly naturalized in Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, Algeria, Florida and the West Indies.[3]

Chemical composition

It has alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, emodine, leucoanthcyanins, steroids, anthocyanins, phlobatinins, essential oil and saponins.[6]

Garden history

Jasminum officinale is so ancient in cultivation that its country of origin, though somewhere in Central Asia, is not certain.[7] H.L. Li, The Garden Flowers of China,[8] notes that in the third century CE, jasmines identifiable as J. officinale and J. sambac were recorded among "foreign" plants in Chinese texts, and that in ninth-century Chinese texts J. officinale was said to come from Byzantium. Its Chinese name, Yeh-hsi-ming is a version of the Persian and Arabic name.[9]

Its entry into European gardens was most likely through the Arab-Norman culture of Sicily, but, as the garden historian John Harvey has said, "surprisingly little is known, historically or archaeologically, of the cultural life of pre-Norman Sicily".[10] In the mid-14th century the Florentine Boccaccio in his Decameron describes a walled garden in which "the sides of the alleys were all, as it were, walled in with roses white and red and jasmine; insomuch that there was no part of the garden but one might walk there not merely in the morning but at high noon in grateful shade."[11] Jasmine water also features in the story of Salabaetto in the Decameron.[12] Jasminum officinale, "of the household office" where perfumes were distilled, was so thoroughly naturalized that Linnaeus thought it was native to Switzerland.[13] As a garden plant in London it features in William Turner's Names of Herbes, 1548.

Double forms, here as among many flowers, were treasured in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Cultivars

Numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use, often with variegated foliage. The cultivar 'Argenteovariegatum',[14] with cream-white variegation on the leaves, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[15]

Aromatherapy and herbal medicine

This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (November 2014)

The essential oil of Jasminum officinale is used in aromatherapy. Jasmine absolute is known as the 'King of Oils', and its heavy, sweet scent is loved by most people. The flowers release their perfume at dusk, so flowers are picked at night and a tiny amount of oil is obtained by solvent extraction. The result is a very expensive oil, but it can be used in low concentrations so it is not that uneconomic to use it in products. The aroma of jasmine is described as calming and soothing without being soporific.^{[citation needed]}

As an herbal medicine, it is used in dermatology as either an antiseptic or anti-inflammatory agent.[16]

Jasminum officinale var. grandiflorum is a folk medicine used for the treatment of hepatitis in south of China.^{[citation needed]} It has shown anti-viral activity in vitro.[17]

The effect of an aqueous extract of fresh floral buds of Jasminum officinale var. grandiflorum Linn. has been studied on female fertility in rats. The extract produced a significant decrease in serum progesterone levels.[18]^{[non-primary source needed]}

Safety

This oil can cause irritation in some people if used too frequently or in high concentrations^{[medical citation needed]}. A major component of jasmine is benzyl acetate (~25%) which is known to be absorbed through the skin and known to be an allergic sensitizer.^{[citation needed]} Those who show allergies to spicy food, perfumes and cosmetics are most likely to react. However, the power of the scent is such that only tiny amounts are required. Jasmine is also an emmenagogue^{[medical citation needed]} and therefore should not be used during pregnancy.[19]^{[non-primary source needed]}

References

• line drawing of Jasminum officinale, Manual of Vascular Plants of the Lower Yangtze Valley China Illustration fig. 297

На других языках

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- [en] Jasminum officinale

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[es] Jasminum officinale

Jasminum officinale, el jazmín morisco[1] o jazmín común, es una especie trepadora de la familia de las oleáceas nativa del Cáucaso, el norte de Irán, Afganistán, Pakistán, los Himalayas, India, Nepal y China occidental. Se cultiva extensamente en muchos otros países y, en algunos de ellos, como Francia, Italia, Portugal, Rumanía, Yugoslavia, Argelia, Florida y las Indias Orientales, se halla naturalizada.[2]

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[ru] Жасмин белый

Жасми́н бе́лый, или Жасми́н лека́рственный (лат. Jasminum officinale) — листопадный кустарник рода жасмин (лат. Jasminium) семейства маслиновые (лат. Oleaceae). Известен как национальный цветок Пакистана.

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