bio.wikisort.org - Plant

Arctostaphylos (/ˌɑːrktoʊˈstæfɪləs, -lɒs/;[1][2] from ἄρκτος árktos "bear" and σταφυλή staphulḗ "bunch of grapes") is a genus of plants comprising the manzanitas (/ˌmænzəˈniːtəz/[3][4]) and bearberries. They are shrubs or small trees.

Arctostaphylos
Whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Ericaceae
Subfamily:	Arbutoideae
Genus:	Arctostaphylos Adanson
Type species
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Linnaeus) Sprengel
Species
About 60, see text.

There are about 60 species, of Arctostaphylos, ranging from ground-hugging arctic, coastal, and mountain species to small trees up to 6 m tall. Most are evergreen (one species deciduous), with small oval leaves 1–7 cm long, arranged spirally on the stems. The flowers are bell-shaped, white or pale pink, and borne in small clusters of 2–20 together; flowering is in the spring. The fruit are small berries, ripening in the summer or autumn. The berries of some species are edible.

Arctostaphylos species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora arctostaphyli (which feeds exclusively on A. uva-ursi) and Coleophora glaucella.

Distribution

Manzanitas, the bulk of Arctostaphylos species, are present in the chaparral biome of western North America, where they occur from southern British Columbia in Canada, Washington to California and New Mexico in the United States, and throughout much of northern and central Mexico.

Three species, the bearberries, A. alpina (alpine bearberry), A. rubra (red bearberry) and A. uva-ursi (common bearberry), have adapted to arctic and subarctic climates, and have a circumpolar distribution in northern North America, Asia and Europe.

An unusual association of manzanita occurs on Hood Mountain, in Sonoma County, California, where stands of pygmy forest dominated by Mendocino cypress are found.

Fossil record

One fossil fruit of †Arctostaphylos globula and several fossil fruits of †Arctostaphylos menzelii have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.[5]

Cultivation

Cultivation is generally difficult due to fungal diseases, and often salinity and alkalinity. Overhead watering should be avoided in hot weather. Some cultivars are easier to grow.

Taxonomy

The following species are recognised in the genus Arctostaphylos:[6]

See also the closely related genus Comarostaphylis, previously often included in Arctostaphylos.

References

Further reading

• Hickman, James C. (1993), The Jepson Manual: higher plants of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-082559
• Hogan, C. Michael (2012), "Arctostaphylos", in McGinley, M.; C. J. Cleveland (eds.), Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment
• Treatment from the Jepson Manual
• Wells, Philip V. (2000), Manzanitas of California, Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, ISBN 0-933994-22-2
• Wells, Philip V. (1992). "Subgenera and sections of Arctostaphylos". The Four Seasons. 9: 64–69.

На других языках

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- [en] Arctostaphylos

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[es] Arctostaphylos

El género Arctostaphylos, manzanita o gayubas son arbustos o árboles pequeños. Hay cerca de 60 especies que crecen cerca de las costas y en las montañas; con árboles pequeños de hasta 6 m de altura. La mayoría son perennes (hay una especie caduca). Tienen las hojas ovales pequeñas 1-7 cm de largo. Las flores urceoladas son de color rosa, blanco o pálido, agrupándose en racimos de 2-20 juntas. Las flores requieren polinización por zumbido.

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[ru] Толокнянка

Толокня́нка (лат. Arctostáphylos) — род небольших кустарников семейства Вересковые (Ericaceae), приспособленных к жизни в условиях арктического и субарктического климата.

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