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Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe is a transnational serial nature UNESCO World Heritage Site, encompassing 94 component parts (forests of European beech, Fagus sylvatica) in 18 European countries.[1][2] Together, the sites protect the largest and least disturbed forests dominated by the beech tree. In many of these stands (especially those in the Carpathians), these forests here were allowed to proceed without interruption or interference since the last ice age. These sites document the undisturbed postglacial repopulation of the species.[1]

Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Beușnița Waterfall in Nera Gorge-Beușnița National Park
Location	(see map)
Reference	1133quater
Inscription	2007 (31st Session)
Extensions	2011, 2017, 2021

Carpathian region

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: This part appears to be written before 2017. (August 2021)

The Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians include ten separate massifs located along the 185 km (115 mi) long axis from the Rakhiv mountains and Chornohora ridge in Ukraine over the Poloniny Ridge (Slovakia) to the Vihorlat Mountains in Slovakia. The Ancient Beech Forests of Germany include five locations, cover 4,391 hectares and were added in 2011.

The Carpathian site covers a total area of 77,971.6 ha (192,672 acres), out of which only 29,278.9 ha (72,350 acres) are part of the actual preserved area, while the rest is considered a "buffer zone". Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians cover areas of Zakarpattia and Prešov Regions. Over 70% of the site is located in Ukraine. The area includes two national parks, and some habitat controlled areas, mostly in Slovakia. Both national parks, along with a neighboring area in Poland, compose a separate biosphere reserve, the East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve. Besides Havešová, Rožok, and Stužica (all of them located in Bukovské vrchy), there is a fourth component situated in Slovakia, named Kyjovský prales of Vihorlat. Ukrainian locations include Chornohora, Kuziy-Trybushany, Maramarosh, Stuzhytsia–Uzhok, Svydovets, and Uholka–Shyrikyi Luh. Only a few of the ten components are accessible to visitors. Stužica is the only one of three locations in Bukovské vrchy (Slovakia) with available hiking trails. In 2017, UNESCO extended the site, adding forests in Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Italy, Romania, Slovenia, and Spain.[3] In 2021 UNESCO extended the site again adding forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czechia, France, Italy, North Macedonia, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland.[4]

The last intact virgin forest in the temperate latitudes of Europe is to be found in the Carpathians. Trees can live to a hundred years old in these forests, providing an important habitat for organisms such as mushrooms, moss, lichen, insects, rare birds (e.g. capercaillie and black grouse) and mammals (e.g. bats, brown bear, wolf and lynx). Large parts of the forest in the Romanian part of the Carpathians have been lost due to deforestation. The pressure on timber as a resource may increase due to international demand and European companies may start large-scale felling in neighbouring Ukraine. Currently unprotected areas of virgin forest can be permanently preserved in the Ukrainian Carpathians by expanding and reinforcing conservation areas. In the Ukrainian Carpathians there are nine national parks and two biosphere reserves. There is a general ban on tree felling in coniferous forest areas above 1,100 metres. If park administrations are shown to work, management of larger, previously unprotected areas of virgin forest to preserve them on a permanent basis, may occur. There are roughly 100,000 additional hectares of forest which could be integrated into the existing conservation areas.[5]

List of component parts

The component parts included in the site as of August 2021 are:[1][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][2]

Country	Serial ID No. or ID	Component part	Component cluster	Property [ha]	Buffer zone [ha]	Year inscrib.	Centre point coordinates
Carpathian Beech Forest Region
Ukraine	1133-001	Chornohora		2,476.80	12,925.00	2007	48°8′25″N 24°23′35″E
	1133-003	Kuziy-Trybushany		1,369.60	3,163.40	2007	47°56′21″N 24°8′26″E
	1133-004	Maramorosh		2,243.60	6,230.40	2007	47°56′12″N 24°19′35″E
	1133-007	Stuzhytsia-Uzhok		2,532.00	3,615.00	2007	49°4′58″N 22°35′45″E[n 1]
	1133-008	Svydovets		3,030.50	5,639.50	2007	48°11′21″N 24°13′37″E
	1133-009	Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh[n 2]		11,860.00	3,301.00	2007	48°18′22″N 23°41′46″E
	1133ter-055	Gorgany		753.48	4,637.59	2017	48°28′19″N 24°17′58″E
	1133ter-058	Darvaika	Synevyr	1,588.46	312.32	2017	48°29′14″N 23°44′56″E
	1133ter-059	Kvasovets		561.62	333.63	2017	48°23′6″N 23°42′46″E
	1133ter-060	Strymba		260.65	191.14	2017	48°27′11″N 23°47′48″E
	1133ter-061	Vilshany		454.31	253.85	2017	48°21′20″N 23°39′36″E
	1133ter-062	Irshavka	Zacharovanyi Krai	93.97	1,275.44	2017	48°27′9″N 23°5′23″E
	1133ter-063	Velykyi Dil		1,164.16		2017	48°25′21″N 23°9′42″E
Slovakia	1133-002 1133quater-103 SK-POLO-01*	Havešová	Poloniny	167.88	6,474.84	2007 2021*	49°0′35″N 22°20′14″E
	1133-005 1133quater-104 SK-POLO-02*	Rožok		74.37	1,138.89	2007 2021*	48°58′40″N 22°27′52″E
	1133-006 1133quater-105 SK-POLO-03*	Stužica – Bukovské Vrchy		1,742.47	5,694.84	2007 2021*	49°5′3″N 22°29′42″E
	1133-006 1133quater-106 SK-POLO-04*	Udava		455.82	814.69	2007 2021*	49°10′31″N 22°13′39″E
	1133-010 1133quater-108 SK-VIHO-02*	Vihorlat		1,553.06	854.08	2007 2021*	48°54′56″N 22°11′13″E
Romania	1133ter-035	Cheile Nerei-Beușnița		4,292.27	5,959.87	2017	44°54′19″N 21°48′40″E
	1133ter-036	Sinca secular forest (Codrul secular Șinca)		338.24	445.76	2017	45°40′0″N 25°10′14″E
	1133ter-037	Slătioara secular forest (Codrul secular Slătioara)		609.12	429.43	2017	47°26′36″N 25°37′39″E
	1133ter-038	Cozia Massif	Cozia	2,285.86	2,408.83	2017	45°19′54″N 24°19′32″E
	1133ter-039	Lotrisor		1,103.30		2017	45°17′43″N 24°15′33″E
	1133ter-040	Domogled-Coronini-Bedina	Domogled – Valea Cernei	5,110.63	51,461.28	2017	44°56′31″N 22°28′7″E
	1133ter-041	Iauna Craiovei		3,517.36		2017	45°6′31″N 22°34′41″E
	1133ter-042	Ciucevele Cernei		1,104.27		2017	45°14′40″N 22°49′23″E
	1133ter-043	Izvorul Șurii	Groșii Țibleșului	210.55	563.57	2017	47°32′59″N 24°11′9″E
	1133ter-044	Preluci		135.82		2017	47°32′5″N 24°13′13″E
	1133ter-045	Izvoarele Nerei		4,677.21	2,494.83	2017	45°7′21″N 22°3′59″E
	1133ter-046	Strâmbu Băiuț[n 3]		598.14	713.09	2017	47°37′33″N 24°4′23″E
Poland	1133quater-094 PL-BIES-01	Border Ridge and Górna Solinka valley[n 4]	Bieszczady	1,506.05	24,330.52	2021	49°5′58″N 22°33′24″E
	1133quater-095 PL-BIES-02	Połonina Wetlińska and Smerek[n 5]		1,178.03		2021	49°10′51″N 22°30′12″E
	1133quater-096 PL-BIES-03	Terebowiec stream valley		201.00		2021	49°5′37″N 22°43′29″E
	1133quater-097 PL-BIES-04	Wołosatka stream valley		586.66		2021	49°4′1″N 22°44′41″E
Polonic-Podoloc-Moldovan Beech Forest Region
Ukraine	1133ter-056	Roztochchya[n 6]		384.81	598.21	2017	49°57′44″N 23°38′58″E
	1133ter-057	Satanіvska Dacha		212.01	559.37	2017	49°10′26″N 26°14′56″E
Baltic Beech Forest Region
Germany	1133bis-011	Jasmund		492.50	2,510.50	2011	54°32′53″N 13°38′43″E
	1133bis-012	Serrahn		268.10	2,568.00	2011	53°20′24″N 13°11′52″E
	1133bis-013	Grumsin		590.10	274.30	2011	52°59′11″N 13°53′44″E
Subatlantic-Hercynic Beech Forest Region
Germany	1133bis-014	Hainich		1,573.40	4,085.40	2011	51°04′43″N 10°26′08″E
	1133bis-015	Kellerwald		1,467.10	4,271.40	2011	51°08′43″N 8°58′25″E
Czech Republic	1133quater-076 CZ-JIZE-01	Jizera Mountains		444.81	2,279.40	2021	50°51′30″N 15°9′20″E
France	1133quater-082 FR-GRAN-01	Grand Ventron		319.00	1,328.00	2021	47°58′20″N 6°56′23″E
Switzerland	1133quater-074 CH-BETT-01	Bettlachstock Forest (Forêt de la Bettlachstock)		195.43	1,094.16	2021	47°13′22″N 7°24′43″E
Alpic Beech Forest Region
Austria	1133ter-003	Dürrenstein		1,867.45	1,545.05	2017	47°46′12″N 15°2′51″E
	1133ter-004	Hintergebirg	Kalkalpen	2,946.20	14,197.24	2017	47°44′58″N 14°28′56″E
	1133ter-005	Bodinggraben		890.89		2017	47°47′14″N 14°21′12″E
	1133ter-006	Urlach		264.82		2017	47°48′15″N 14°14′22″E
	1133ter-007	Wilder Graben		1,149.75		2017	47°50′00″N 14°26′1″E
Switzerland	1133quater-075 CH-LODA-01	Forest reserves of Lodano, Busai and Soladino Valleys		806.78	2,330.74	2021	46°15′49″N 8°39′11″E
France	1133quater-078 FR-CHAP-01	Chapitre		371.30	41.65	2021	44°38′4″N 5°59′55″E
Atlantic Beech Forest Region
Belgium	1133ter-008	Forest Reserve “Joseph Zwaenepoel”	Sonian Forest (Forêt de Soignes)	187.34	4,650.86	2017	50°45′23″N 4°25′00″E
	1133ter-009	Grippensdelle A		24.11		2017	50°46′54″N 4°25′36″E
	1133ter-010	Grippensdelle B		37.38		2017	50°47′1″N 4°25′57″E
	1133ter-011	Réserve forestière du Ticton A		13.98		2017	50°44′3″N 4°26′13″E
	1133ter-012	Réserve forestière du Ticton B		6.50		2017	50°43′37″N 4°25′51″E
Moesian-Balcanic Beech Forest Region
Albania	1133ter-001	Lumi i gashit		1,261.52	8,977.48	2017	42°28′53″N 20°3′26″E
	1133ter-002	Rrajca		2,129.45	2,569.75	2017	41°12′11″N 20°30′2″E
North Macedonia	1133quater-093 MN-DLAB-01	Dlaboka Reka		193.27	234.70	2021	41°45′47″N 20°35′16″E
Bulgaria	1133ter-013	Boatin Reserve	Central Balkan	1,226.88	851.22	2017	42°48′10″N 24°16′9″E
	1133ter-014	Tsarichina Reserve		1,485.81	1,945.99	2017	42°46′32″N 24°24′18″E
	1133ter-015	Kozya stena Reserve		644,43	289.82	2017	42°47′47″N 24°31′2″E
	1133ter-016	Steneto Reserve[n 7]		2,466.10	1,762.01	2017	42°44′43″N 24°42′26″E
	1133ter-017	Stara Reka Reserve[n 8]		591.20	1,480.04	2017	42°42′11″N 24°49′8″E
	1133ter-018	Dzhendema Reserve		1,774.12	2,576.63	2017	42°41′44″N 24°58′23″E
	1133ter-019	Severen Dzhendem Reserve		926.37	1,066.47	2017	42°44′44″N 24°56′5″E
	1133ter-020	Peeshti skali Reserve[n 9]		1,049.10	968.14	2017	42°45′54″N 25°4′29″E
	1133ter-021	Sokolna Reserve		824.90	780.55	2017	42°41′52″N 25°8′18″E
Illyric Beech Forest Region
Croatia	1133ter-022	Forest reserves Hajdučki i Rožanski kukovi		1,289.11	9,869.25	2017	44°45′59″N 15°0′39″E
	1133ter-023	Suva draga-Klimenta	Paklenica National Park	1,241.04	414.76	2017	44°20′26″N 15°30′1″E
	1133ter-024	Oglavinovac-Javornik		790,74	395.35	2017	44°23′4″N 15°26′59″E
Slovenia	1133ter-047	Krokar		74.50	47.90	2017	45°32′31″N 14°46′8″E
	1133ter-048	Snežnik-Ždrocle		720.24	128.80	2017	45°35′5″N 14°27′19″E
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1133quater-073 BH-JANJ-01	Prašuma Janj		295.04	380.74	2021	44°8′48″N 17°16′52″E
Central Mediterranean Beech Forest Region
Italy	1133ter-025	Cervara Valley (Valle Cervara)	Abruzzo, Lazio & Molise	119.70	751.61	2017	41°49′56″N 13°43′43″E
	1133ter-026	Selva Moricento		192.70		2017	41°50′49″N 13°42′20″E
	1133ter-027	Coppo del Morto		104.71	415.51	2017	41°51′37″N 13°50′48″E
	1133ter-028	Coppo del Principe		194.49	446.62	2017	41°47′15″N 13°44′39″E
	1133ter-029	Fondillo Valley (Val Fondillo)		325.03	700.95	2017	41°45′15″N 13°53′9″E
	1133ter-030 1133quater-088 IT-POLL-01*	Cozzo Ferriero	Pollino National Park	95.75	2,851.83	2017 2021*	39°54′19″N 16°6′4″E
	1133quater-089 IT-POLL-02	Pollinello		477.94		2021	39°53′43″N 16°11′54″E
	1133quater-090 IT-VALL-01	Infernale Valley (Valle Infernale)		320.79	2,191.36	2021	38°7′55″N 15°57′41″E
	1133ter-031 1133quater-086 IT-FUMB-01*	Falascone	Umbra Forest (Foresta Umbra)	254.30	3,486.29	2017 2021*	41°48′21″N 15°58′41″E
	1133quater-087 IT-FUMB-02	Pavari-Sfilzi		667.13		2021	41°50′20″N 16°1′25″E
	1133ter-032	Monte Cimino		57.54	87.96	2017	42°24′31″N 12°12′11″E
	1133ter-033	Monte Raschio		73.73	54.75	2017	42°10′25″N 12°9′40″E
	1133ter-034	Sasso Fratino		781.43	6,936.64	2017	43°50′40″N 11°48′11″E
Pyrenaic-Iberian Beech Forest Region
Spain	1133ter-049	Tejera Negra	Beech forests of Ayllón (Hayedos de Ayllón)	255.52	13,880.86	2017	41°14′43″N 3°23′19″W[n 10]
	1133ter-050	Montejo		71.79		2017	41°6′44″N 3°29′58″W
	1133ter-051	Lizardoia	Beech forests of Navarra (Hayedos de Navarra)	63.97	24,494.52	2017	43°0′23″N 1°6′46″W
	1133ter-052	Aztaparreta		171.06		2017	42°54′39″N 0°48′58″W
	1133ter-053	Cuesta Fria	Beech forests of Picos de Europa (Hayedos de Picos de Europa)	213.65	14,253.00	2017	43°10′21″N 4°59′16″W
	1133ter-054	Canal de Asotin		109.58		2017	43°10′16″N 4°53′21″W
France	1133quater-083 FR-MASS-01	Massane		239.50	1,432.30	2021	42°28′58″N 3°1′45″E

* Only boundary modification.

Udava (Bukovské Vrchy, Slovakia) was created by modifying the boundary of Stužica before. Falascone (Italy) in turn was named previously Umbra Forest (Foresta Umbra).[12][13][2]

This is a transnational serial nature UNESCO World Heritage Site, encompassing 94 component parts (forests) in 18 European countries.[1][2] The total area of component parts is 98,125.15 ha (242,472.5 acres), including buffer zones 392,846.02 ha (970,743.7 acres). The largest total area of component parts is in Ukraine and Romania – 54% total (41% including buffer zones).

Forms of protection

Component parts of this property overlap more or less with various protected areas like national parks, nature reserves, Natura 2000 network.[14][15][16][10][12][17][18]
Abbreviations:
C – count of component parts in a given cluster
N – overlapping with Natura 2000 areas

Country	Component cluster	C	Protected area	N	Region
Albania	Lumi i Gashit	1	Strict nature reserve of Gashi River		Kukës
	Rrajca	1	Shebenik – Jabllanicë National Park		Elbasan
Austria	Dürrenstein	1	Wilderness Area Dürrenstein	Yes	Lower Austria
	Kalkalpen	4	Kalkalpen National Park	Yes	Upper Austria
Belgium	Sonian Forest (Forêt de Soignes)	5	3 strict forest reserves within Sonian Forest Protected Landscape – “Joseph Zwaenepoel”, Grippensdelle and Ticton	Yes	Flanders, Brussels Capital Region, Wallonia
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Prašuma Janj	1	Prašuma Janj strict nature reserve		Bosanska Krajina
Bulgaria	Central Balkan	9	9 strict reserves in the Central Balkan National Park – Boatin, Dzhendema, Kozya stena, Peeshti skali[n 9], Severen Dzhendem, Sokolna, Stara reka, Steneto and Tsarichina	Yes	Lovech, Plovdiv, Stara Zagora, Gabrovo (central Balkan Mountains)
Croatia	Hajdučki i Rožanski kukovi	1	Hajdučki and Rožanski Kukovi strict reserve within Northern Velebit National Park	Yes	Lika-Senj
	Paklenica National Park	2	Paklenica National Park	Yes	Lika-Senj, Zadar (Dinaric region, or Dinaric Alps)
Czech Republic	Jizera Mountains	1	Jizerské hory National Nature Reserve	Yes	Liberec
France	Chapitre	1	Chapitre-Petit-Buëch biological strict reserve	Yes	Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
	Grand Ventron	1	Massif du Grand Ventron National Nature Reserve	Yes	Grand Est
	Massane	1	Massane National Nature Reserve	Yes	Occitanie
Germany	Grumsin	1	Schorfheide-Chorin Biosphere Reserve	Yes	Brandenburg
	Hainich	1	Hainich National Park	Yes	Thuringia
	Jasmund	1	Jasmund National Park	Yes	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
	Kellerwald	1	Kellerwald-Edersee National Park	Yes	Hesse
	Serrahn	1	Müritz National Park	Yes	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Italy	Abruzzo, Lazio & Molise	5	Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park	Yes	Abruzzo
	Umbra Forest (Foresta Umbra)	2	Strict reserves within Gargano National Park – Sfilzi, Falascone and Foresta Umbra	Yes	Apulia
	Monte Cimino	1	Regional Natural Monument and municipal strict reserve	Yes	Lazio
	Monte Raschio	1	Regional Natural Park Bracciano-Martignano	Yes	Lazio
	Pollino National Park	2	Cozzo Ferriero and Pollinello strict reserves within Pollino National Park	Yes	Calabria, Basilicata
	Sasso Fratino	1	Sasso Fratino strict reserve in Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park	Yes	Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany
	Infernale Valley (Valle Infernale)	1	Valle Infernale strict reserve within Aspromonte National Park	Yes	South Calabria
North Macedonia	Dlaboka Reka	1	Forest reserves within Mavrovo National Park		Mavrovo and Rostuša and Gostivar
Poland	Bieszczady	4	Bieszczady National Park, East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve	Yes	Podkarpackie Voivodeship
Romania	Cheile Nerei-Beușnița	1	Strictly protected zone of the Cheile Nerei-Beușnița National Park	Yes	Caraș-Severin
	Sinca secular forest (Codrul secular Șinca)	1	Strictly protected through the forest management plan	Yes	Brașov
	Slătioara secular forest (Codrul secular Slătioara)	1	Part of Codrul Secular Slătioara forest reserve, Secular Meadows Todirescu floristic reserve	Yes	Suceava
	Cozia	2	Cozia National Park	Yes	Vâlcea
	Domogled – Valea Cernei	3	Domogled-Valea Cernei National Park	Yes	Mehedinți, Caraș-Severin, Gorj
	Groșii Țibleșului	2	Strictly protected through the forest management plan	Yes	Maramureș
	Izvoarele Nerei	1	Izvoarele Nerei strict reserve within Semenic-Cheile Carașului National Park	Yes	Caraș-Severin
	Strâmbu Băiuț[n 3]	1	Strictly protected through the forest management plan	Yes	Maramureș
Slovakia	Poloniny	4	National nature reserves Stužica, Jarabá skala, Pľaša and Borsukov vrch (Stužica – Bukovské Vrchy), Rožok, Havešová, nature reserve Udava within Poloniny National Park, East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve	Yes	Prešov
	Vihorlat	1	Vihorlat national nature reserve within Vihorlat Protected Landscape Area	Yes	Prešov
Slovenia	Krokar	1	Forest reserve Virgin forest Krokar	Yes	Kočevje
	Snežnik–Ždrocle	1	Snežnik–Ždrocle forest reserve	Yes	Inner Carniola
Spain	Beech forests of Ayllón (Hayedos de Ayllón)	2	Tejera Negra: Sierra Norte de Guadalajara Natural Park, Montejo: Sierra del Rincón Biosphere Reserve	Yes	Castilla-La Mancha
	Beech forests of Navarra (Hayedos de Navarra)	2	Integral (strict) reserves of Lizardoia and Aztaparreta	Yes	Navarre
	Beech forests of Picos de Europa (Hayedos de Picos de Europa)	2	Picos de Europa National Park, Biosphere Reserve	Yes	Castile and León
Switzerland	Bettlachstock Forest (Forêt de la Bettlachstock)	1	Forest reserve Bettlachstock–Hasenmatt		Canton of Solothurn
	Forest reserves of Lodano, Busai and Soladino Valleys	1	Lodano Valley forest reserve, Busai and Soladino Valleys forest reserve		Canton of Ticino
Ukraine	Chornohora	1	Carpathian Biosphere Reserve		Zakarpattia
	Kuziy – Trybushany	1	Carpathian Biosphere Reserve		Zakarpattia
	Maramarosh	1	Carpathian Biosphere Reserve		Zakarpattia
	Stuzhytsia – Uzhok	1	Uzhanian National Nature Park		Zakarpattia
	Svydovets	1	Carpathian Biosphere Reserve		Zakarpattia
	Uholka – Shyrokyi Luh[n 2]	1	Carpathian Biosphere Reserve		Zakarpattia
	Synevyr	4	Synevyr National Nature Park		Zakarpattia
	Zacharovanyi Krai	2	Zacharovany Krai National Nature Park		Zakarpattia
	Gorgany	1	Gorgany Nature Reserve		Ivano-Frankivsk
	Roztochchya[n 6]	1	Roztochchya Nature Reserve, Roztochia Biosphere Reserve		Lviv
	Satanіvska Dacha	1	Podilski Tovtry National Nature Park		Khmelnytskyi

Tentative list

This forest is placed on the World Heritage Tentative list as a proposal for the expansion of the Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe site:

Montenegro[19]

• Virgin Forest Reserve in NP Biogradska Gora

Serbia[11]

• Fruška gora, Kopaonik, Tara

Gallery

• 
  Forest in Stuzica
• 
  Havešová
• 
  Stužica
• 
  Freshwater stream in Stužica
• 
  Stužica
• 
  Dlaboka Reka

Notes

References

External links

• "Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
• Beauty and changes of Primeval beech forests throughout a year

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