bio.wikisort.org - Plant

Amelanchier alnifolia, the Saskatoon berry, Pacific serviceberry, western serviceberry, western shadbush, or western juneberry,[2] is a shrub with an edible berry-like fruit, native to North America.

Amelanchier alnifolia
A. alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia in Chelan County, Washington
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Amelanchier
Species:	A. alnifolia
Binomial name
Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt.
Natural range of Amelanchier alnifolia
Synonyms[2]
A. florida Lindl. A. pumila (Torr. & A. Gray) Nutt. ex M. Roem. Aronia alnifolia Nutt.

Description

It is a deciduous shrub or small tree that most often grows to 1–8 metres (3–26 feet),[3] rarely to 10 m or 33 ft,[4] in height. Its growth form spans from suckering and forming colonies to clumped.[5] The leaves are oval to nearly circular, 2–5 centimetres (3⁄4–2 inches) long and 1–4.5 cm (1⁄2–1+3⁄4 in) broad, on a 0.5–2 cm (1⁄4–3⁄4 in) leaf stem, margins toothed mostly above the middle.[5]

As with all species in the genus Amelanchier, the flowers are white,[6] with five quite separate petals and five sepals. In A. alnifolia, they are about 2.5–5 cm (1–2 in) across, with 20 stamens and five styles,[7] appearing on short racemes of 3–20,[5] somewhat crowded together, blooming from April to July.[7]

The fruit is a small purple pome 5–15 mm (3⁄16–19⁄32 in) in diameter, ripening in early summer in the coastal areas and late summer further inland.[5][3] Resembling blueberries, it has a waxy bloom. Serviceberries are relatively difficult to identify.[7]

Chemistry

Also similar in composition to blueberries,[8] saskatoons have total polyphenol content of 452 milligrams per 100 grams (average of 'Smoky' and 'Northline' cultivars), flavonols (61 mg) and anthocyanins (178 mg),[8] although others have found the phenolic values to be either lower in the 'Smoky' cultivar[9] or higher.[10] Quercetin, cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin were present in saskatoon berries.[8][11]

Taxonomy

Varieties

The three varieties are:[3][12]

• A. a. var. alnifolia. Northeastern part of the species' range.[13]
• A. a. var. pumila (Nutt.) A.Nelson. Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada.[14][15]
• A. a. var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L.Hitchc. Pacific coastal regions, Alaska to northwestern California.[16][17]

Etymology

The name saskatoon derives from the Cree inanimate noun ᒥᓵᐢᐠᐘᑑᒥᓇ misâskwatômina ( ᒥᓵᐢᐠᐘᑑᒥᐣ misâskwatômin NI sg, 'saskatoonberry', misâskwatômina NI pl 'saskatoonberries').[18]

The species name alnifolia is a feminine adjective. It is a compound of the Latin word for "alder", alnus, and the word for "leaf", folium.

Historically, it was also called pigeon berry.[19]

Distribution and habitat

The plant can be found from Alaska across most of western Canada and in the western and north-central United States.[7] It grows from sea level in the north of the range, up to 2,600 m (8,530 ft) elevation in California and 3,400 m (11,200 ft) in the Rocky Mountains.[2][5][3] It is a common shrub in the forest understory,[20] as well as canyons.[7]

Ecology

A. alnifolia is susceptible to cedar-apple rust, entomosporium leaf spot, fireblight, brown rot, cytospora canker, powdery mildew, and blackleaf.[21] Problem insects include aphids, thrips, mites, bud moths, Saskatoon sawflies, and pear slug sawflies.[21] It is also a larval host to the pale tiger swallowtail, two-tailed swallowtail, and the western tiger swallowtail.[22]

The foliage is browsed by deer, elk, rabbits, and livestock.[23][24] The fruit are eaten by wildlife including birds, squirrels, and bears.[23]

Cultivation

Seedlings are planted with 4.0–6.1 m (13–20 ft) between rows and 0.46–0.91 m (1.5–3 ft) between plants. An individual bush may bear fruit 30 or more years.[25]

Saskatoons are adaptable to most soil types with exception of poorly drained or heavy clay soils lacking organic matter. Shallow soils should be avoided, especially if the water table is high or erratic. Winter hardiness is exceptional, but frost can damage blooms as late as May. Large amounts of sunshine are needed for fruit ripening.[25][26]

Uses

With a sweet, nutty taste, the fruits have long been eaten by Indigenous peoples in Canada, fresh or dried. They are well known as an ingredient in pemmican, a preparation of dried meat to which saskatoon berries are added as flavour and preservative. They are used in saskatoon berry pie, jam, wines, cider, beers, and sugar-infused berries similar to dried cranberries used for cereals, trail mix, and snack foods.[8][27][28][26]

In 2004, the British Food Standards Agency suspended saskatoon berries from retail sales[29] pending safety testing; the ban eventually was lifted after pressure from the European Union.^{[citation needed]}

Nutrition

Nutrients in raw saskatoon berries[8]
Nutrient	Value per 100 g	% Daily Value
Energy	85 kcal
Total dietary fiber	5.9 g	20%
Sugars, total	11.4 g	8%
Calcium	42 mg	4%
Magnesium	24 mg	6%
Iron	1 mg	12%
Manganese	1.4 mg	70%
Potassium	162 mg	3%
Sodium	0.5 mg	0%
Vitamin C	3.6 mg	4%
Vitamin A	11 IU	1%
Vitamin E	1.1 mg	7%
Folate	4.6 µg	1%
Riboflavin	3.5 mg	> 100%
Panthothenic acid	0.3 mg	6%
Pyridoxine	0.03 mg	2%
Biotin	20 µg	67%

Saskatoon berries contain significant amounts of total dietary fiber, riboflavin and biotin, and the dietary minerals, iron and manganese, a nutrient profile similar to the content of blueberries.[8]

Culture

The city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is named after the berry.[18]

References

External links

• Media related to Amelanchier alnifolia at Wikimedia Commons
• "Amelanchier alnifolia". Plants for a Future.

На других языках

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- [en] Amelanchier alnifolia

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[es] Amelanchier alnifolia

El guillomo de Saskatchewan, saskatun o fresa de junio (Amelanchier alnifolia) es una planta de la familia de las rosáceas.

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[ru] Ирга ольхолистная

Ирга ольхолистная (лат. Amelanchier alnifolia) — вид рода Ирга из подсемейства Яблоневые (Maloideae) семейства Розовые (Rosaceae). Происходит из Северной Америки, но повсеместно культивируется, часто дичает и натурализуется в сообществах[2].

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