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The western chimpanzee, or West African chimpanzee,[1] (Pan troglodytes verus) is a Critically Endangered subspecies of the common chimpanzee. It inhabits western Africa, specifically Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, but has been extirpated in three countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, and Togo.[1]

Western chimpanzee
Conservation status
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Hominidae
Subfamily:	Homininae
Tribe:	Hominini
Genus:	Pan
Species:	P. troglodytes
Subspecies:	P. t. verus
Trinomial name
Pan troglodytes verus Schwarz, 1934

Etymology

The taxonomical genus Pan is derived from the Greek god of fields, groves, and wooded glens, Pan. The species name troglodytes is Greek for 'cave-dweller', and was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his Handbuch der Naturgeschichte (Handbook of Natural History) published in 1779. Verus is Latin for 'true', and was given to this subspecies in 1934 by Ernst Schwarz, who originally named it as Pan satyrus verus.[2]

Taxonomy and genetics

The western chimpanzee (P. t. verus) is a subspecies of the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), along with the central chimpanzee (P. t. troglodytes), the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (P. t. ellioti), and the eastern chimpanzee (P. t. schweinfurthii).[3] The western chimpanzee last shared a common ancestor with P. t. ellioti between 0.4 and 0.6 million years ago (mya) and with P. t. troglodytes and P. t. schweinfurthii 0.38–0.55 mya.[4]

Western chimpanzees are the most genetically differentiated and homozygous subspecies of the common chimpanzee.[5]

Distribution and habitat

The population of the western chimpanzee once spanned from southern Senegal all the way east to the Niger River.[1][6] Today, the largest populations remaining are found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.[1][7]

Behavior

Diet and hunting

Male and female western chimpanzees differ in their prey. In Fongoli, Senegal, Senegal bushbabies account for 75% of females' prey and 47% of the males'. While males will prey more on monkeys, such as green monkeys (27%) and Guinea baboons (18%), only males were observed to hunt patas monkeys and only females were observed to hunt banded mongooses. Both will occasionally hunt bushbucks, preferring fawns, when given the chance. Adult, adolescent, and juvenile females are slightly more likely to hunt with tools than males of the same age group.[8]

Unique behaviors

Western chimpanzees have unique behaviors never observed in any of the other subspecies of the chimpanzee. In fact, their behaviour is so diverged from that of their fellow subspecies of chimpanzee that it has been proposed West African chimpanzees may be a distinct species in their own right.[9] Western chimpanzees engage in an unusual rock-throwing behaviour, throwing large rocks into hollow tree stumps or just against trees, presumably as some sort of primitive ritual or perhaps an early form of competitive sport.[10]^{[unreliable source?]} They make wooden spears to hunt other primates, use caves as homes, share plant foods with each other, and travel and forage during the night. They also submerge themselves in water and play in it to stay cool in the oppressive heat.[9][11][12]

Female west African chimpanzees are quite gregarious and often support one another in conflicts with males, resulting in a more gender-balanced hierarchy than that of the rigidly patriarchal east african chimpanzees.^{[citation needed]} Female West African chimpanzees have been observed hunting[13]^{[unreliable source?]} and accompany males on territorial patrols, playing a more important role in social dynamics than other chimpanzee subspecies.[14] While it was traditionally accepted that only female chimpanzees immigrate and males remain in their natal troop for life, Western Chimpanzees uniquely exhibit female and male immigration between groups, suggesting males are less territorial and more willing to accept unfamiliar males.[15] Paternity tests indicate males frequently mate with females from several different communities, siring infants from them. There are even cases of solitary male western chimpanzees, while in any other population, a chimpanzee couldn't survive alone.[16] Male West African chimpanzees generally are respectful of females and do not forcibly confiscate food from them,[17] which may at least partly stem from the gregarious females forming alliances.[18] Among the Tai forest community, infants are often adopted by unrelated adults, with both sexes adopting infants in equal measure.[19] Female western chimpanzees also can rebuff the unwanted advances of males and select males to breed with on their own terms. This further is in line with the active and possibly co-dominant role female western chimpanzees play in their communities.[20]

Conservation status

The IUCN lists the western chimpanzee as Critically Endangered on the Red List of Threatened Species.[1] There are an estimated 21,300 to 55,600 individuals in the wild.[1] The primary threat to the western chimpanzee is habitat loss, although it is also killed for bushmeat.[1]

References

На других языках

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- [en] Western chimpanzee

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[es] Pan troglodytes verus

El chimpancé occidental o chimpancé del oeste africano (Pan troglodytes verus)[2] es una subespecie de chimpancé común (Pan troglodytes). Habita en el oeste de África, principalmente en Costa de Marfil y Guinea pero con poblaciones en los países vecinos.

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[fr] Pan troglodytes verus

Le chimpanzé verus ou chimpanzé d'Afrique occidentale ou chimpanzé de l'Ouest (Pan troglodytes verus) est une sous-espèce du chimpanzé (Pan troglodytes). On le trouve principalement en Sierra-Leone et en Guinée mais sa présence s'étend aux pays voisins (Guinée-Bissau, Mali, Sénégal, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire). La Côte d'Ivoire a perdu 90 % de sa population de chimpanzés en vingt ans. Le chimpanzé verus a perdu plus de 80 % de sa population en trois générations, principalement en raison de la destruction de son habitat[1], du trafic de bébés en tant qu'animal de compagnie et du trafic de viande de brousse.

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[it] Pan troglodytes verus

Lo scimpanzé occidentale (Pan troglodytes verus Schwarz, 1934)[2], anche noto come scimpanzé dell'Africa occidentale o scimpanzé di Guinea, è una sottospecie dello scimpanzé comune (P. troglodytes), che abita l'Africa occidentale, principalmente Costa d'Avorio, Guinea, Liberia, Mali e Sierra Leone, con alcune popolazioni nei paesi circostanti.[2]

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