This is a list of butterflies of Great Britain, including extinct, naturalised species and those of dubious origin. The list comprises butterfly species listed in The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland by Emmet et al.[1] and Britain's Butterflies by Tomlinson and Still.[2]
A study by NERC in 2004 found there has been a species decline of 71% of butterfly species between 1983 and 2003.[3] The 2007 UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) listed 22 butterfly species.[4] The 2011 Red List of British butterflies lists 4 species as "regionally extinct" (RE), 2 as "critically endangered", 8 as "endangered (E), 9 as "vulnerable" (V), 11 as "near threatened" (NT) and 28 as "least concern" (LC) in a UK context.[5] In the list below, the categories are as taken from the 2022 Red List (RE 4, E 8, V 16, NT 5, LC 29).[6] Range expansions according to the 2010 Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland.[7]
Butterfly Conservation lists 29 of Great Britain's 58 breeding butterfly species as "High UK threat priority", with 9 of those with conservation priority status "Action urgent across UK range".[8]
Hesperiidae – skippers
Dingy skipperGrizzled skipper
Subfamily Heteropterinae
Chequered skipper – Carterocephalus palaemonLC
– formerly thinly distributed in south and east, now confined to western Scotland; re-establishment project ongoing (2018–2020) Rockingham Forest, England[9]
Subfamily Hesperiinae
Small skipper – Thymelicus sylvestrisLC
– throughout Wales and England, except far north-east and north-west; spreading north and west
Essex skipper – Thymelicus lineolaLC
– throughout south-east England, with scattered populations in West Country and as far north as the River Humber; spreading north and west
– restricted to southern England: east Kent, east Sussex, Surrey, Hampshire, north Dorset, south Wiltshire and the southern Chilterns; expanding distribution
Large skipper – Ochlodes sylvanusLC
– throughout England and Wales, and north to south-west Scotland
Subfamily Pyrginae
Dingy skipper – Erynnis tages tagesLC
– thinly distributed through much of England and Wales, and in the Scottish Highlands
Grizzled skipper – Pyrgus malvaeV
– southern England north to north-east Wales, and south-east Wales
Papilionidae – swallowtails
Old World swallowtail
Subfamily Papilioninae
Swallowtail – Papilio machaonV
P. machaon britannicus (endemic subspecies) – confined to Norfolk Broads (formerly also in The Fens)
P. machaon gorganus – rare migrant and occasional breeder from Continental Europe to southern England and southern Wales
– immigrant, though overwintering in south-west; north to River Clyde in some years
Common brimstone – Gonepteryx rhamni rhamniLC
– throughout England (except north) and Wales (except south-west, central west and far north-west); expanding range north and "infilling"
Subfamily Pierinae
Large white – Pieris brassicaeLC
– throughout, but thinly spread in north-west half of Scotland
Small white – Pieris (Artogeia) rapaeLC
– throughout, except far north
Green-veined white – Pieris (Artogeia) napiLC
P. napi sabellicae – throughout (except for area occupied by subspecies thomsoni)
P. napi thomsoni – east-central Scotland
Orange tip – Anthocharis cardamines britannicaLC
– throughout, except far north and north-west; expanding range in Scotland and "infilling" in England and Wales
Lycaenidae – hairstreaks, coppers and blues
Brown hairstreakBrown argusNorthern brown argusChalkhill blueHolly blue
Subfamily Theclinae
Green hairstreak – Callophrys rubiLC
– throughout much of country
Brown hairstreak – Thecla betulaeV
– south of River Humber, with concentrations in south-west Wales, north Devon and south-west Somerset, and west Weald. In 2009 eggs were found at Feckenham Wylde Moor reserve in Worcestershire.[10]
P. aegeria tircis – throughout southern third of Great Britain, Scottish Highlands; expanding range north and east in England and Scotland; has colonized Isle of Man
P. aegeria oblita – western Scotland and Inner Hebrides
– throughout south-east half of the country, including West Country, but not most of East Anglia; expanding range northwards
Grayling – Hipparchia semeleE
H. semele semele – much of English coast, inland in parts of south and East Anglia
H. semele scota – eastern Scotland (near coast)
H. semele thyone – Wales
H. semele atlantica – Hebrides
Gatekeeper – Pyronia tithonus britanniaeLC
– throughout southern half of country, except central Wales; expanding range northwards
Meadow brown – Maniola jurtinaLC
M. jurtina insularis – throughout (except for areas occupied by other subspecies)
M. jurtina cassiteridum – Isles of Scilly
M. jurtina splendida – western Scotland, including Hebrides
Ringlet – Aphantopus hyperantusLC
– throughout, except north-west England and north-west half of Scotland; expanding range in English Midlands, western England, English–Scottish borders, and Scotland; "infilling" southern Scotland
Small heath – Coenonympha pamphilusV
C. pamphilus pamphilus – throughout, except far north and Hebrides
C. pamphilus rhoumensis – Hebrides
Large heath – Coenonympha tulliaE
C. tullia davus – patchy distribution throughout northern and central England
C. tullia polydama – central-west and north Wales, northern England and southern Scotland
C. tullia scotica – rest of Scotland
Vagrant, extinct and exotic species
Extinct
Arran brown – Erebia ligea
Black-veined white – Aporia crataegiRE
Mazarine blue – Cyaniris semiargus (now vagrant only)RE
Large copper – Lycaena dispar (Great Britain subspecies extinct; continental subspecies introduced now also extinct)RE
Large tortoiseshell – Nymphalis polychloros (now vagrant only, although sightings in southern England since 2007 suggest recolonisation may be occurring)RE
Almond-eyed ringlet – Erebia alberganus
Vagrants
Pale clouded yellow – Colias hyale
Berger's clouded yellow – Colias alfacariensis
Bath white – Pontia daplidice
Western dappled white – Euchloe crameri
Long-tailed blue – Lampides boeticus
Lang's short-tailed blue – Leptotes pirithous
Scarce swallowtail – Iphiclides podalirius
Short-tailed blue – Cupido (Everes) argiades
Geranium bronze – Cacyreus marshalli (imported on geraniums)
Scarce or yellow-legged tortoiseshell – Nymphalis xanthomelas
Camberwell beauty – Nymphalis antiopa
Map – Araschnia levana (formerly introduced and bred)
Queen of Spain fritillary – Issoria lathonia
Monarch – Danaus plexippus
Plain tiger – Danaus chrysippus (single record from Cambridgeshire, April 2011, coincident with influx of vagrant Odonata)[11]
Apollo – Parnassius apollo
American painted lady – Vanessa virginiensis
Exotics
Species included in the Great Britain Lepidoptera numbering system, but believed never to have occurred naturally in a wild state
Emmet, A.M., J. Heath et al. (Ed.), 1990. The Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 7 Part 1 (Hesperiidae to Nymphalidae). Harley Books, Colchester, UK. 370p.
Tomlinson, D. and R. Still, 2002. Britain's Butterflies. WildGuides, Old Basing, UK. 192p.
NERC, 2004.
Butterfly Conservation, 2007. Priority butterfly species listed in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan 2007. Butterfly Conservation, Wareham, UK. 1p.
Fox, Richard; Warren, Martin S.; Brereton, Tom M.; Roy, David B.; Robinson, Anna (2011). "A new Red List of British butterflies". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 4 (3): 159–172. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2010.00117.x.
Fox, Richard; Dennis, Emily B.; Brown, Andrew F.; Curson, Jon (2022). "A new Red List of British butterflies". Insect Conservation and Diversity. doi:10.1111/icad.12582.
Fox, R. and J. Asher, 2010. 2010 Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland. Butterfly Conservation, East Lulworth, UK. 68p.
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