This is a list of Australian animals extinct in the Holocene. This list only covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE) and continues to the present day.[1] All of these extinctions occurred after the European settlement of Australia, which began with the First Fleet in 1788 CE,[2][3] although the thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) was extirpated from mainland Australia about 2,000[4] or 3,000[5] years ago. Thylacines were restricted to Tasmania by the time of European settlement, and the last known individual died in 1936.[6]
The list below includes 33 mammals (27 from the mainland, including the thylacine), 24 birds (three from the mainland), one reptile, and three frog species or subspecies that are strongly believed to have become extinct in Australia during the Holocene. These figures exclude dubious taxa like the Roper River scrub robin (Drymodes superciliaris colcloughi) and possibly extinct taxa like the Christmas Island shrew (Crocidura trichura), although they are mentioned below. Several invertebrate species have also been listed as extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, this list is less exhaustive, since invertebrates are more difficult to survey and are less well studied.
Extinctions are recorded under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
Australian megafauna from before the Holocene epoch, Lazarus taxa, and the threatened fauna of Australia are all outside of the scope of this article. Readers interested in these topics should instead refer to their respective articles.
Species and subspecies are listed in approximate taxonomic sequence.
The only known specimen of the Lake Mackay hare-wallaby was taken in 1932. Surveys in the Northern Territory and Western Australia have failed to locate it. Older western desert Aboriginal people stated that it disappeared between 1940 and 1960.[15]
Lagorchestes hirsutus hirsutus
Rufous hare-wallaby (south-western subspecies), mala (south-western subspecies)
The woylie experienced a large reduction in population size and range due to extensive land clearing and the introduction of feral cats and red foxes. The south-eastern subspecies (B. p. penicillata) is considered extinct. The surviving south-western subspecies (B. p. ogilbyi) is critically endangered.[21]
South-eastern South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and eastern Queensland[27]
Last recorded 1860-1862 in Victoria, where it was at one time common and even regarded as a pest. Many surveys conducted across its range over many years have not found this species. However, there is a possible observational record from near Deniliquin, New South Wales, from the early 1940s.[27]
The only known specimens came from Charlotte Waters, Northern Territory in 1896. Subfossil data indicates that it had a wide distribution ranging from north-eastern South Australia and south-eastern Northern Territory to North West Cape, Western Australia.[30]
Known from a single skull found at Darling Downs, Queensland. Probably collected in the 1840s. Extinction is considered to be due primarily to predation by feral cats.[32]
Known only from skulls found in owl pellets in the Flinders Ranges. Some pellets also include bones of the introduced house mouse, indicating that it survived into historic times, possibly the second half of the 19th century.
The probable cause of extinction was predation by feral cats and wekas, exacerbated by habitat destruction caused by rabbits. Although the rail had coexisted with the cats for over 70 years, the introduction of rabbits enabled an increase in the cat population, leading to increased predation on rails in winter with the rabbits at seasonally low numbers.
Probably extinct by 1834. Probably hunted to extinction by whalers and sealers. Habitat destruction probably did not play a role, and introduced predators (such as rats and cats) arrived later.
Owls (order Strigiformes)
True owls (family Strigidae)
Species
Common name
Location(s)
Comments
Pictures
Ninox novaeseelandiae albaria
Lord Howe boobook, morepork (Lord Howe Island subspecies)
Boobook calls were heard on the island until the 1950s, although these may have come from an introduced subspecies. May have been driven to extinction by introduced black rats and introduced owl species.
Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata
Norfolk boobook, morepork (Norfolk Island subspecies)
The last known individual, a female, disappeared in 1996. She had offspring with two males of the closely related New Zealand subspecies, Ninox novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae. These hybrids continue to exist on Norfolk Island.
Last sighted in 1891. Dogs and cats were introduced to the island by 1820 and the parrots were hunted for food by sealers, but the species remained common until about 1880. Driven to extinction by weka and European rabbits introduced in the 1870s.
Date uncertain but around 1927. More recent sightings are sometimes claimed but have never been confirmed. Cause uncertain, most hypotheses centre on starvation from lack of grass seed after drought, overgrazing, more frequent fires, and introduction of the prickly pear.
Passerines (order Passeriformes)
Bristlebirds (family Dasyornithidae)
Species
Common name
Location(s)
Comments
Pictures
Dasyornis broadbenti litoralis
Western rufous bristlebird, rufous bristlebird (south-western subspecies)
Western Australia
Last reliably recorded in 1908. Thought to have become extinct due to the destruction of its shrubland habitat, which was repeatedly burnt in the early 20th century to create pasture.
The subspecies became extinct around the late 1970s, with the last confirmed record in 1975. The cause of its extinction is attributed to a combination of clearing of native vegetation and predation by rats and feral cats. Additional factors were competition with introduced song thrushes and common blackbirds, as well as interbreeding with the latter species producing sterile offspring.
Turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus
Lord Howe thrush, island thrush (Lord Howe subspecies)
Last recorded in 1923. Competition from the introduced common starling, common blackbird and song thrush, clearance for agriculture and predation from introduced black rats. Among these dangerous predators, the Tasman starling always kept its distance.[39]
The last captive specimen died on May 31, 2014[40]
Agamids (family Agamidae)
Species
Common name
Location(s)
Comments
Pictures
Tympanocryptis pinguicolla
Victorian grassland earless dragon
Victoria
Classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, but this was based on the former view that classified the Canberra, Cooma, and Bathurst populations under T. pinguicolla. Based on recent studies, it is highly likely that T. pinguicolla is extinct, due to the destruction of most of its habitat and the last sighting of the species being made in 1969. If the species is extinct, it could represent the first known reptilian extinction on the Australian mainland in modern times.[41]
Considered extinct. Depending on the source, the last specimen seen in the wild was in 1979 in the Conondale Range, or in 1981 in the Blackall Ranges. The last captive specimen died in 1983.
1996.[48] At type of freshwater snail. All the species in the genus Angrobia now appear to have been transferred to the genera Austropyrgus and Fluvidona.
"European discovery and the colonisation of Australia". Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth of Australia. 11 January 2008. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2022. [The British] moved north to Port Jackson on 26 January 1788, landing at Camp Cove, known as 'cadi' to the Cadigal people. Governor Phillip carried instructions to establish the first British Colony in Australia. The First Fleet was underprepared for the task, and the soil around Sydney Cove was poor.
Egan, Ted (2003). The Land Downunder. Grice Chapman Publishing. pp.25–26. ISBN978-0-9545726-0-0.
National Museum Australia (23 March 2022). "Extinction of thylacine". www.nma.gov.au. Retrieved 25 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Government of Western Australia, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (25 April 2022). "Woylie Fauna Profile"(PDF). www.dpaw.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 25 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Australian Government (13 April 2010). "Caloprymnus campestris — Desert Rat-kangaroo". www.environment.gov.au. Retrieved 25 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Schodde R, Mason IJ (1999). The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. A Taxonomic and Zoogeographic Atlas of the Biodiversity of Birds in Australia and its Territories. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp.x 851 pp. ISBN0-643-06456-7.
Ed Meyer, David Newell, Harry Hines, Sarah May, Jean-Marc Hero, John Clarke, Frank Lemckert (2004). "Rheobatrachus silus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T19475A8896430. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T19475A8896430.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Jean-Marc Hero, Keith McDonald, Ross Alford, Michael Cunningham, Richard Retallick (2004). "Rheobatrachus vitellinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T19476A8897826. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T19476A8897826.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Jean-Marc Hero, Keith McDonald, Michael Cunningham, Ross Alford, Richard Retallick (2004). "Taudactylus acutirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T21529A9298297. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T21529A9298297.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Jean-Marc Hero, Sarah May, David Newell, Harry Hines, John Clarke, Ed Meyer (2004). "Taudactylus diurnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T21530A9298760. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T21530A9298760.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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