bio.wikisort.org - Plant
Watercress or yellowcress (Nasturtium officinale) is a species of aquatic flowering plant in the cabbage family Brassicaceae.
| Watercress | |
|---|---|
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| Leaves | |
 | |
| Flowers | |
Conservation status | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Brassicales |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
| Genus: | Nasturtium |
| Species: | N. officinale |
| Binomial name | |
| Nasturtium officinale W.T.Aiton | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Synonymy
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Watercress is a rapidly growing, perennial plant native to Europe and Asia. It is one of the oldest known leaf vegetables consumed by humans. Watercress and many of its relatives, such as garden cress, mustard, radish, and wasabi, are noteworthy for their piquant flavors.
The hollow stems of watercress float in water. The leaf structure is pinnately compound. Small, white, and green inflorescences are produced in clusters and are frequently visited by insects, especially hoverflies, such as Eristalis flies.[3]
Taxonomy
Watercress is listed in some sources as belonging to the genus Rorippa, although molecular evidence shows those aquatic species with hollow stems are more closely related to Cardamine than Rorippa.[4] Despite the Latin name, watercress is not particularly closely related to the flowers popularly known as nasturtiums (Tropaeolum majus). T. majus belongs to the family Tropaeolaceae, a sister taxon to the Brassicaceae within the order Brassicales.[5]
Distribution
In some regions, watercress is regarded as a weed,[6] in other regions as an aquatic vegetable or herb. Watercress has been grown in many locations around the world.[7]
In the United Kingdom, watercress was first commercially cultivated in 1808 by the horticulturist William Bradbery, along the River Ebbsfleet in Kent. Watercress is now grown in a number of counties of the United Kingdom, most notably Hampshire, Dorset, Wiltshire, and Hertfordshire. The town of Alresford, near Winchester, is considered to be the nation's watercress capital.[8] It holds a Watercress Festival that brings in more than 15,000 visitors every year and a preserved steam railway line has been named after the local crop.
Uses
Watercress leaves, stems, and fruit can be eaten raw.[9]
Tradition
Ancient Romans thought eating it would cure mental illness.[10] Twelfth-century mystic Hildegard of Bingen thought eating it steamed and drinking the water would cure jaundice or fever.[10] Watercress was eaten by Native Americans.[11] Some Native Americans used it to treat kidney illnesses and constipation, and it was thought by some to be an aphrodisiac.[10] Early African Americans used the plant as an abortifacient; it was believed to cause sterility as well.[10]
Nutrition
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 46 kJ (11 kcal) |
Carbohydrates | 1.29 g |
| Sugars | 0.2 g |
| Dietary fiber | 0.5 g |
Fat | 0.1 g |
Protein | 2.3 g |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A equiv. beta-Carotene lutein zeaxanthin | 20% 160 μg18% 1914 μg5767 μg |
| Thiamine (B1) | 8% 0.09 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 10% 0.12 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 6% 0.31 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 10% 0.129 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 2% 9 μg |
| Vitamin C | 52% 43 mg |
| Vitamin E | 7% 1 mg |
| Vitamin K | 238% 250 μg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 12% 120 mg |
| Iron | 2% 0.2 mg |
| Magnesium | 6% 21 mg |
| Manganese | 12% 0.244 mg |
| Phosphorus | 9% 60 mg |
| Potassium | 7% 330 mg |
| Sodium | 3% 41 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Water | 95 g |
| |
| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central | |
The new tips of watercress leaves can be eaten raw or cooked,[12] although caution should be used when collecting these in the wild because of parasites such as giardia.[13] Watercress is 95% water and has low contents of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and dietary fiber. A 100-gram serving of raw watercress provides 11 calories, is particularly rich in vitamin K (238% of the Daily Value, DV), and contains significant amounts of vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin, vitamin B6, calcium, and manganese (table).
Phytochemicals and cooking
As a cruciferous vegetable, watercress contains isothiocyanates that are partly destroyed by boiling, while the content of carotenoids is slightly increased. Steaming or microwave cooking retains these phytochemicals.[14]
Cultivation
Cultivation of watercress is practical on both a large-scale and a garden-scale. Being semi-aquatic, watercress is well-suited to hydroponic cultivation, thriving best in water that is slightly alkaline. It is frequently produced around the headwaters of chalk streams. In many local markets, the demand for hydroponically grown watercress exceeds supply, partly because cress leaves are unsuitable for distribution in dried form, and can only be stored fresh for about 2-3 days.[15]
Also sold as sprouts, the edible shoots are harvested days after germination. If unharvested, watercress can grow to a height of 50 to 120 centimetres (1 ft 8 in to 3 ft 11 in).
Concerns
Watercress crops grown in the presence of manure can be an environment for parasites such as the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica.[16] By inhibiting the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1, compounds in watercress may alter drug metabolism in individuals on certain medications such as chlorzoxazone.[17]
Due to its fast-growing nature and invasive species status, Nasturtium officinale is prohibited in Illinois.[18]
See also
- Fool's watercress – Apium nodiflorum
- Garden cress
- List of vegetables
- Watercress soup
References
- Ghogue, J.-P.; Akhani, H. & Zehzad, B. (2020). "Nasturtium officinale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T164311A136666515. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
- The Plant List, Nasturtium officinale R.Br.
- Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2016). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers" (PDF). Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID 25754608.
- Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A.; Price, Robert A. (1998). "Delimitation of the Genus Nasturtium (Brassicaceae)". Novon. 8 (2): 124–6. doi:10.2307/3391978. JSTOR 3391978.
- Fay, Michael F.; Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. (14 September 2010). "Brassicales - an Order of Plants Characterised by Shared Chemistry". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 27 (3): 165–196. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8748.2010.01695.x.
- "Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board". www.nwcb.wa.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- "Watercress". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- Peters, Rick (30 March 2010). "Seasonal food: watercress". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- Benoliel, Doug (2011). Northwest Foraging: The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Rev. and updated ed.). Seattle, WA: Skipstone. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-59485-366-1. OCLC 668195076.
- Lyle, Katie Letcher (2010) [2004]. The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, Mushrooms, Fruits, and Nuts: How to Find, Identify, and Cook Them (2nd ed.). Guilford, CN: FalconGuides. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-1-59921-887-8. OCLC 560560606.
- Nyerges, Christopher (2017). Foraging Washington: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Foods. Guilford, CT: Falcon Guides. ISBN 978-1-4930-2534-3. OCLC 965922681.
- Nyerges, Christopher (2016). Foraging Wild Edible Plants of North America: More than 150 Delicious Recipes Using Nature's Edibles. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4930-1499-6.
- Blackwell, Laird R. (2006). Great Basin Wildflowers: A Guide to Common Wildflowers of the High Deserts of Nevada, Utah, and Oregon (A Falcon Guide) (1st ed.). Guilford, Conn.: Morris Book Publishing, LLC. p. 196. ISBN 0-7627-3805-7. OCLC 61461560.
- Giallourou, Natasa; Oruna-Concha, Maria Jose; Harbourne, Niamh (1 November 2016). "Effects of domestic processing methods on the phytochemical content of watercress (Nasturtium officinale)" (PDF). Food Chemistry. 212: 411–419. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.190. ISSN 0308-8146. PMID 27374550.
- "How Long Does Fresh Watercress Last?". www.stilltasty.com. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- "DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasitic Diseases of Public Health Concern: Fascioliasis". US Centers for Disease Control. 29 November 2013.
- Leclercq, Isabelle; Desager, Jean-Pierre; Horsmans, Yves (1998). "Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 64 (2): 144–9. doi:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90147-3. PMID 9728894. S2CID 43863786.
- Cao L, Berent L (30 July 2019). "Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
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External links
На других языках
- [en] Watercress
[es] Nasturtium officinale
Nasturtium officinale, comúnmente llamado berro de agua, mastuerzo de agua o agrón es una planta perenne común en arroyos, torrentes de aguas claras y pantanos, originaria de Europa y Asia Central. Se considera uno de los vegetales más antiguos consumidos por el ser humano. Actualmente se ha extendido por todo el mundo por ser una planta de consumo doméstico muy apreciada en ensaladas. Se ha convertido en una especie invasora en la región de los Grandes Lagos, donde fue localizada por primera vez en 1847.[cita requerida][fr] Cresson de fontaine
Nasturtium officinale • Cresson officinal[ru] Жеруха обыкновенная
Жеру́ха обыкнове́нная[источник не указан 709 дней], или Жеру́ха лека́рственная, или Водяно́й кресс, или Брункресс[2] (лат. Nastúrtium officinále) — быстрорастущее многолетнее водное или полуводное растение семейства Капустные, распространённое от Европы до Центральной Азии. Издревле используется человеком как листовой овощ.Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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