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Tabernaemontana divaricata, commonly called pinwheel flower,[3] crape jasmine, East India rosebay, and Nero's crown,[4] is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to South Asia, Southeast Asia and China.[1] In zones where it is not hardy it is grown as a house/glasshouse plant for its attractive flowers and foliage. The stem exudes a milky latex when broken, whence the name milk flower.

Flowers in West Bengal, India.
Flowers in West Bengal, India.

Tabernaemontana divaricata
Conservation status

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Genus: Tabernaemontana
Species:
T. divaricata
Binomial name
Tabernaemontana divaricata
R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.
Synonyms[2]
List
    • Ervatamia coronaria (Jacq.) Stapf
    • Ervatamia divaricata (L.) Burkill
    • Ervatamia divaricata var. plena (Roxb. ex Voigt) M.R.Almeida
    • Ervatamia flabelliformis Tsiang
    • Ervatamia recurva (Lindl.) Lace
    • Ervatamia siamensis (Warb. ex Pit.) Kerr
    • Kopsia cochinchinensis Kuntze
    • Nerium coronarium Jacq.
    • Nerium divaricatum L.
    • Reichardia grandiflora Dennst.
    • Reichardia jasminoides Dennst.
    • Taberna discolor (Sw.) Miers
    • Tabernaemontana citrifolia Lunan
    • Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) Willd.
    • Tabernaemontana discolor Sw.
    • Tabernaemontana flabelliformis (Tsiang) P.T.Li
    • Tabernaemontana gratissima Lindl.
    • Tabernaemontana lurida Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
    • Tabernaemontana recurva Lindl.
    • Tabernaemontana siamensis Warb. ex Pit.
    • Testudipes recurva (Lindl.) Markgr.
    • Vinca alba Noronha
    • Jasminum zeylanicum Burm.f.
    • Nyctanthes acuminata Burm.f.

Description


The plant generally grows to a height of 1.5–1.8 metres (5–6 ft) and is dichotomously branched. The large shiny leaves are deep green and about 15 cm (6 in) in length and 5 cm (2 in) in width. The waxy blossoms are found in small clusters on the stem tips. The (single) flowers have the characteristic 'pinwheel' shape also seen in other genera in the family Apocynaceae such as Vinca and Nerium. Both single and double-flowered forms are cultivated, the flowers of both forms being white. The plant blooms in spring but flowers appear sporadically all year. The flowers have a pleasing fragrance.[5] More than 66 alkaloids are found in the shrub.[6] Its habitats include montane brushwoods and sparse forests.[7]


Phytochemistry


The species is known to produce many alkaloids including catharanthine, coronaridine, dregamine, ibogamine, tabersonine, voacangine, voacamine and voacristine.[8] Ibogaine may occur in multiple Tabernaemontana species.[8]


Research


There is presence of potent acetylcholinestearase inhibitors in stems and roots of this plant. 3'-R/S-hydroxyvoacamine isolated from a stem extracts act as a non-competitive inhibitor against AChE with an IC50 value of 7.00±1.99 μM.[9] Bisindole alkaloid 19,20-dihydrotabernamine and 19,20-Dihydroervahanine A shows higher inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase compared with galanthamine.[10]


See also



References


  1. Lakhey, P.; Pathak, J. (2020). "crape jasmine". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T149853146A149853842. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T149853146A149853842.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. "Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  3. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Tabernaemontana divaricata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  4. Medicinal Plants of India and Pakistan, Dastur J.F., pub.1962 by D.P. Taraporevala Sons and Co. Private Ltd., Mumbai, 4th Indian reprint 1977[page needed]
  5. The Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening ed. Chittenden,Fred J. 2nd ed. by Synge,Patrick M. Volume IV : Pt-Zy, p.2074 (as T. coronaria). Pub. Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1965. Reprinted 1984. ISBN 0-19-869106-8
  6. Perry, Lily M. (1980). Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-16076-6.[page needed]
  7. "Tabernaemontana divaricata in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  8. Kam TS, Pang HS, Choo YM, Komiyama K (April 2004). "Biologically active ibogan and vallesamine derivatives from Tabernaemontana divaricata". Chemistry and Biodiversity. 1 (4): 646–56. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200490056. PMID 17191876.
  9. Chaiyana W, Schripsema J, Ingkaninan K, Okonogi S (April 2013). "3'-R/S-hydroxyvoacamine, a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Tabernaemontana divaricata". Phytomedicine. 20 (6): 543–8. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2012.12.016. PMID 23375813.
  10. Ingkaninan K, Changwijit K, Suwanborirux K (June 2006). "Vobasinyl-iboga bisindole alkaloids, potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Tabernaemontana divaricata root". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 58 (6): 847–52. doi:10.1211/jpp.58.6.0015. PMID 16734986. S2CID 37975644.




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