Symphyotrichum puniceum (formerly Aster puniceus), is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to eastern North America. It is commonly known as purplestem aster,[3] red-stalk aster,[4] red-stemmed aster,[5] red-stem aster, and swamp aster.[6] It also has been called early purple aster, cocash, swanweed, and meadow scabish.[7]

Symphyotrichum puniceum
In Beaver County, Pennsylvania
Conservation status
Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Tribe:	Astereae
Subtribe:	Symphyotrichinae
Genus:	Symphyotrichum
Subgenus:	Symphyotrichum subg. Symphyotrichum
Section:	Symphyotrichum sect. Symphyotrichum
Species:	S. puniceum
Binomial name
Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve[2]
Varieties[2]
S. puniceum var. puniceum S. puniceum var. scabricaule (Shinners) G.L.Nesom
Native distribution[2]
Synonyms[2]
Basionym Aster puniceus L. Alphabetical list Aster calderi B.Boivin Aster carneus var. ambiguus Torr. & A.Gray Aster conduplicatus E.S.Burgess Aster demissus J.Forbes Aster forwoodii S.Watson Aster puniceus f. albiflorus Ralph Hoffm. Aster puniceus f. albiligulatus Pease & A.H.Moore Aster puniceus f. brachypyllus Lepage Aster puniceus var. calderi Lepage Aster puniceus var. calvus Shinners Aster puniceus f. candidus Fernald Aster puniceus var. colbyi Benke Aster puniceus f. colbyi (Benke) Shinners Aster puniceus var. compactus Fernald Aster puniceus var. crawfordii Porter Aster puniceus f. demissus (Lindl.) Fernald Aster puniceus var. demissus Lindl. Aster puniceus f. etiamalbus Venard Aster puniceus f. glabratus Shinners Aster puniceus var. laevicaulis A.Gray Aster puniceus var. lancifolius Fernald Aster puniceus var. lucidus MacMill. Aster puniceus var. monocephalus Farw. Aster puniceus var. oligocephalus Fernald Aster puniceus var. perlongus Fernald Aster puniceus var. purpureus Pursh Aster puniceus var. rufescens Pursh Aster puniceus f. rufescens Fassett Aster puniceus var. vimineus Torr. & A.Gray Symphyotrichum puniceum var. calderi (B.Boivin) G.L.Nesom Symphyotrichum puniceum f. candidum (Fernald) G.Wilh. & Rericha

Its range extends from the edges of the Great Plains to the Atlantic coast, and from the Gulf coast of Texas north to southern Ungava Bay in the north of Quebec.[3] It is adventive in Europe.[2]

Description

Symphyotrichum puniceum produces flowers between August and October. The ray florets range from dark blue or purple to white (rarely). The disc florets are yellow to cream-colored, becoming pink or purple with maturity.[8]

Taxonomy

Symphyotrichum puniceum is a variable species, and many forms have been named.[9] As of July 2021^[update], Plants of the World Online (POWO) accepts one variety in addition to the autonym.[2] S. puniceum var. scabricaule (Shinners) G.L.Nesom occurs in the southern United States from Texas to Alabama.[10] The autonym, S. puniceum var. puniceum, occurs in most of the eastern United States and southern Canada.[11]

The species Symphyotrichum firmum is sometimes considered a variety of S. puniceum, but POWO and Flora of North America treat them as distinct species.[2][8] In 1999, Calvin College botanists David P. Warners and Daniel C. Laughlin gave evidence that they should be considered two distinct species.[12] Compared to S. firmum, Symphyotrichum puniceum is typically hairier, with purpler flowers, and does not form dense colonies but rather small clusters or scattered individuals.[13]

Hybrids between this species and Symphyotrichum boreale have been recorded and are called Symphyotrichum × longulum.[14]

Conservation

As of July 2021^[update], NatureServe listed Symphyotrichum puniceum as Secure (G5) worldwide and Critically Imperiled (S1) in Mississippi.[1] It listed S. puniceum var. puniceum as Vulnerable (S3) in Kentucky,[15] and S. puniceum var. scabricaule as overall an Imperiled Variety (T2) and Critically Imperiled (S1) in Texas.[16]

Uses

Medicinal

Symphyotrichum puniceum has been used for medicinal purposes among indigenous people in North America. It has been documented that the Chippewa have smoked the root with tobacco to attract game.[17] Multiple uses have been reported for the Woodland Cree, including as an aid for tooth pain[18] and for healing a woman after childbirth.[19] The Iroquois have used the roots for healing of various ailments including colds,[20] fevers,[21] pneumonia,[22] typhoid,[23] and tuberculosis.[24]

Citations

References