Symphyotrichum ericoides (formerly Aster ericoides), known as white heath aster,[4] frost aster,[5] or heath aster,[6] is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to much of central and eastern North America. It has been introduced to parts of Europe and western Asia.[2]

Symphyotrichum ericoides
S. ericoides in Green Lake County, Wisconsin
Conservation status
Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Tribe:	Astereae
Subtribe:	Symphyotrichinae
Genus:	Symphyotrichum
Subgenus:	Symphyotrichum subg. Virgulus
Species:	S. ericoides
Binomial name
Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L.Nesom[2]
Varieties[2]
S. ericoides var. ericoides S. ericoides var. pansum (S.F.Blake) G.L.Nesom
Native distribution[2][3]
Synonyms[2]
Basionym Aster ericoides L. Species Aglotoma multiflora Raf. Aster ciliatus Willd. Aster commutatus var. polycephalus (Rydb.) S.F.Blake Aster ericoides f. caeruleus S.F.Blake Aster ericoides f. exiguus Fernald Aster ericoides f. gramsii Benke Aster ericoides f. polycephalus (Rydb.) F.C.Gates Aster ericoides f. prostratus (Kuntze) Fernald Aster ericoides var. prostratus S.F.Blake Aster ericoides var. randii Britton Aster ericoides var. reevesii A.Gray Aster exiguus Rydb. Aster glabellus Nees Aster hebecladus DC. Aster leptophyllus DC. Aster multiflorus Aiton Aster multiflorus var. caeruleus Benke Aster multiflorus var. ciliatus (Willd.) W.P.C.Barton Aster multiflorus var. exiguus Fernald Aster multiflorus var. prostratus Kuntze Aster pauciflorus M.Martens Aster pilosus var. reevesii S.F.Blake Aster polycephalus Rydb. Aster × pseudodumosus (Thell.) Bergmans Aster ramosissimus Mill. Aster reevesii (A.Gray) G.Nicholson Aster reversii Decne. Aster scoparius DC. Aster subulatus Steud. Aster tenuifolius Willd. Eucephalus ericoides Nutt. Galatella leptophylla Nees Lasallea ericoides (L.) Semple & Brouillet Symphyotrichum ericoides f. gramsii (Benke) G.Wilh. & Rericha Symphyotrichum ericoides var. prostratum (Kuntze) G.L.Nesom Virgulus ericoides (L.) Reveal & Keener var. pansum Aster ericoides subsp. pansus (S.F.Blake) A.G.Jones Aster ericoides var. pansus (S.F.Blake) B.Boivin Aster ericoides var. stricticaulis (Torr. & A.Gray) F.C.Gates Aster multiflorus var. pansus S.F.Blake Aster multiflorus var. stricticaulis Torr. & A.Gray Aster pansus (S.F.Blake) Cronquist Aster stricticaulis Rydb. Symphyotrichum ericoides subsp. pansum (S.F.Blake) Semple Symphyotrichum ericoides var. stricticaule (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom Virgulus ericoides subsp. pansus (S.F.Blake) Á.Löve & D.Löve Virgulus ericoides var. pansus (S.F.Blake) Reveal & Keener

The naturally-occurring hybrid species of white heath aster and New England aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae) is named Symphyotrichum × amethystinum and is commonly known as amethyst aster. It can grow where the two parents are in close proximity.

Description

Heath aster is a perennial herbaceous plant with stems from 30 to 91 centimeters (1 to 3 feet) tall.[6] Its leaves are sessile (stalkless) and narrow, becoming smaller towards the top of the plant and tips of the branching stem. It has white (rarely pinkish), composite flowerheads with yellow centers that begin flowering in late summer and last through fall.[7][8] They are 8 to 10 millimeters (1⁄3 to 1⁄2 inch) across.[6][5]

It is commonly confused with Symphyotrichum pilosum, which co-occurs throughout most of its range.[7][9][2][10] S. pilosum has larger flowerheads with longer ray petals. The phyllaries on S. pilosum are spine-tipped, while those of S. ericoides are not, although the curled edges may make them appear to be.[7]

Taxonomy

Heath aster has two varieties: Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides, which spreads by underground rhizomes to form colonies, and S. ericoides var. pansum (S.F.Blake) G.L.Nesom, which is cespitose, remaining in a clump, and has corm-like caudices.[3][11]

F1 hybridization with Symphyotrichum novae-angliae can occur where the ranges of these two species overlap. The hybrid is called Symphyotrichum × amethystinum (amethyst aster)[12] and is intermediate between the parent species in most respects.[13]

• 
  S. × amethystinum, center, is a hybrid between S. novae-angliae, right, and S. ericoides, left.

Distribution and habitat

Symphyotrichum ericoides grows from Canada across much of the United States into the Mexican states of Coahuila and Nuevo León.[7] The variety S. ericoides var. ericoides prefers open locations with sandy, gravelly, or disturbed soil.[3]

Conservation

As of October 2022^[update], NatureServe listed S. ericoides as Secure (G5) globally, last reviewed on 16 May 2016. On a US state and Canadian province and territory basis, it listed the species as Vulnerable (S3) in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia; Imperiled (S2) in Mississippi; Critically Imperiled (S1) in Georgia and Kentucky; Apparently Secure (S4) in Iowa, Manitoba, Maryland, and Northwest Territories; and, Secure (S5) in Alberta, British Columbia, Montana, New York, Ontario, and Saskatchewan. It is reported as an Exotic in Québec. The remaining states, territories, and provinces have not been ranked.[1]

Uses

Medicinal

Symphyotrichum ericoides has been used for medicinal purposes among indigenous people in North America. It has been documented that the Meskwaki have used the plant both to revive an unconscious person[14] and in a sweatbath as an herbal steam.[15]

Gardening

Cultivars of Symphyotrichum ericoides are planted in gardens. Plants sold in the horticultural trade labeled as Aster ericoides, the old name of the plant, are usually cultivars or hybrids involving the species S. dumosum, S. lateriflorum, S. pilosum or S. racemosum, a mistake that has occurred continuously since the 19th century.[7]

The following are cultivars of S. ericoides that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[16]

• 'Blue Star'[17]
• 'Brimstone'[18]
• 'Golden Spray'[19]
• 'Pink Cloud'[20]
• 'Ringdove'[21]
• 'Snow Flurry' (of S. ericoides var. prostratum)[22]

Citations

References

External links

• Asteraea Lab - University of Waterloo
• Symphyotrichum ericoides at Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center, wildflower.org