Quercus petraea, commonly known as the sessile oak,[3] Cornish oak,[4] Irish Oak or durmast oak,[5] is a species of oak tree native to most of Europe and into Anatolia and Iran. The sessile oak is the national tree of Ireland,[6] and an unofficial emblem in Wales[7] and Cornwall.[8][9]

Quercus petraea
A mature tree
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Fagaceae
Genus:	Quercus
Subgenus:	Quercus subg. Quercus
Section:	Quercus sect. Quercus
Species:	Q. petraea
Binomial name
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.[2]
Distribution map
Synonyms[2]
List Quercus robur var. petraea Matt. Quercus brevipedunculata Cariot & St.-Lag. Quercus calcarea Troitsky Quercus columbaria Vuk. Quercus coriacea Bechst. Quercus coronensis Schur Quercus decipiens Behlen Quercus dispar Raf. Quercus durinus Raf. Quercus erythroneura Vuk. Quercus esculus L. Quercus longipetiolata Schur Quercus mas Thore Quercus mespilifolia Wallr. Quercus peraffinis Gand. Quercus petiolata Schur Quercus regalis Burnett ex Endl. Quercus sessiliflora Salisb. Quercus sessilis Ehrh. ex Schur Quercus spathulifolia Vuk. Quercus sphaerocarpa Vuk. Quercus sublobata Kit. Quercus huguetiana (Franco & G.López) Rivas Mart. Quercus colchica Czeczott Quercus dshorochensis K.Koch Quercus hypochrysa Steven Quercus iberica Steven ex M.Bieb. Quercus kochiana O.Schwarz Quercus kozlowskyi Woronow ex Grossh. Quercus lamprophyllos K.Koch Quercus polycarpa Schur Quercus sorocarpa Woronow ex Maleev Quercus szowitzii Wenz. Quercus abietum Kotschy ex A.DC. Quercus cedrorum Kotschy Quercus ibicis Kotschy ex A.DC. Quercus pinnatiloba K.Koch Quercus subalpina Kotschy ex A.DC. Quercus tergestina Wenz. plus a long list of invalid names and another long list of names below the species level

Description

This section does not cite any sources. (February 2020)

The sessile oak is a large deciduous tree up to 20–40 metres (66–131 feet) tall, in the white oak section of the genus (Quercus sect. Quercus) and similar to the pedunculate oak (Q. robur), with which it overlaps extensively in range. The leaves are 7–14 centimetres (2+3⁄4–5+1⁄2 inches) long and 4–8 cm (1+1⁄2–3 in) broad, evenly lobed with five to six lobes on each side and a 1 cm-long (1⁄2 in) petiole. The male flowers are grouped into catkins, produced in the spring. The fruit is an acorn 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) long and 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) broad, which matures in about six months.

Comparison with pedunculate oak

Significant botanical differences from pedunculate oak (Q. robur) include the stalked leaves, and the stalkless (sessile) acorns from which one of its common names is derived. It occurs in upland areas of altitudes over 300 m (984 ft) with higher rainfall and shallow, acidic, sandy soils. Its specific epithet petraea means "of rocky places".[10] Q. robur, on the other hand, prefers deeper, richer soils at lower altitude. Fertile hybrids with Quercus robur named Quercus × rosacea are found wherever the two parent species occur and share or are intermediate in characters between the parents.

Charles Darwin, in Chapter II of On the Origin of Species, noted that the sessile and pedunculate oaks had been described as both distinct species and mere varieties depending on the authority consulted.

Diseases and pests

• Acute oak decline
• Sudden oak death
• The Welsh oak longhorn beetle (Pyrrhidium sanguineum) is named for its host tree; the larvae feed at the bark interface of dead wood.[11]

Uses

Sessile oak is one of the most important species in Europe both economically and ecologically. Oak timber is traditionally used for building, ships and furniture. Today the best woods are used for quality cabinetmaking, veneers and barrel staves.[12] Rougher material is used for fence construction, roof beams and specialist building work. The wood also has antimicrobial properties.[13][14] It is also a good fuel wood. During autumns with good acorn crops (the mast years), animals are traditionally grazed under the trees to fatten them.[15]

Pontfadog Oak

The Pontfadog Oak, once considered to be the oldest oak tree in the UK, was a sessile oak. This grew near Chirk in North Wales. It was understood to be over 1,200 years old, an age that was due to regular pollarding for much of its life. The hollow trunk had a girth of 12.9 m (42 ft 5 in). It was lost in April 2013 when it blew down in high winds.[16]

See also

• Faux de Verzy

References

External links

• Quercus petraea Royal Horticultural Society
• Quercus petraea – distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)
• Flora Europaea: Quercus petraea
• Bean, W. J. (1976). Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles 8th ed., revised. John Murray.
• Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. HarperCollins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
• (in French) Chênes: Quercus petraea
• Den virtuella floran – Distribution
• Media related to Quercus petraea at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Quercus petraea at Wikispecies

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