Paris quadrifolia, the herb Paris[3] or true lover's knot, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It occurs in temperate and cool areas throughout Eurasia, from Spain to Yakutia, and from Iceland to Mongolia.[1] It prefers calcareous soils and lives in damp and shady places, especially old established woods and stream banks.

Paris quadrifolia
Specimen near Mont-Saint-Père, France
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Liliales
Family:	Melanthiaceae
Genus:	Paris
Species:	P. quadrifolia
Binomial name
Paris quadrifolia L.
Synonyms[1]
Paris pentafolia P.Renault Paris trifolia P.Renault Paris quadrifolia var. angustiovata D.Z.Ma & H.L.Liu

P. quadrifolia is in decline in Europe due to loss of habitat.[4] In Iceland, for example, it is on the red list.[5]

Characteristics

P. quadrifolia is a perennial herbaceous plant that is 25 to 40 cm (10 to 15.5 in) tall. It may have 3–8 leaves but typically there are four leaves arranged as opposing pairs. The flowers are wispy and inconspicuous.[4][6]

The plant flowers during the months of June and July.[7] It has a solitary flower with four narrow greenish filiform (threadlike) petals, four green petaloid sepals, eight golden yellow stamens, and a round purple to red ovary. The flower is borne above a single whorl of four leaves.

Each plant produces at most one blueberry-like berry, which is poisonous, as are other plant tissues.[8] Poisonings are rare because the plant's solitary berry has a repulsive taste that makes it difficult to mistake for a bilberry.

Gallery

• 
  Herb Paris with Fruit
• 
  Typical Herb Paris woodland habitat in Ayrshire, Scotland.
• 
  Fruit
• 
  Details of the leaves.
• 
  Typical limestone (cornstone) based woodlands rich in Herb Paris colonies.

References

External links

• HoloGuides - photos

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[es] Paris quadrifolia

[ru] Вороний глаз четырёхлистный