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Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) is an eastern North American pine. Its native range in Canada is east of the Rocky Mountains from the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories to Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, and the north-central and northeast of the United States from Minnesota to Maine, with the southernmost part of the range just into northwest Indiana and northwest Pennsylvania. It is also known as grey pine[5] and scrub pine.[5][6]

Jack pine
Young jack pine
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Gymnosperms
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Pinaceae
Genus:	Pinus
Subgenus:	P. subg. Pinus
Section:	P. sect. Trifoliae
Subsection:	P. subsect. Contortae
Species:	P. banksiana
Binomial name
Pinus banksiana Lamb.
Native range
Synonyms[2][3][4]
Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Dum.Cours. Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Sudw. nom. illeg. Pinus hudsonica Poir. Pinus rupestris Michx.f. Pinus sylvestris var. divaricata Aiton

In the far west of its range, Pinus banksiana hybridizes readily with the closely related lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). The species epithet banksiana is after the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks.[7]

Description

Pinus banksiana ranges from 9–22 m (30–72 ft) in height. Some jack pines are shrub-sized, due to poor growing conditions. They do not usually grow perfectly straight, resulting in an irregular shape similar to pitch pine (Pinus rigida). This pine often forms pure stands on sandy or rocky soil. It is fire-adapted to stand-replacing fires, with the cones remaining closed for many years, until a forest fire kills the mature trees and opens the cones, reseeding the burnt ground.

Its leaves are needle-shaped, evergreen, in fascicles of two, needle-like, straight or slightly twisted, stiff, sharp-pointed, light yellowish-green, spread apart; edges toothed and 2–4 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long. The bundle-sheath is persistent. The buds are blunt pointed, up to 15 mm long, reddish-brown, and resinous. On vigorous shoots, there is more than one cyclic component (two or more rings in the molecular structure). The bark is thin, reddish-brown to gray in color in juvenile stages. As the tree matures it becomes dark brown and flaky. The wood is moderately hard and heavy, weak, light brown colour. The seed cones vary in shape, being rectangular to oval, cone shaped, straight or curved inward.[8] The cones are 3–5 cm (1+1⁄4–2 in) long, the scales with a small, fragile prickle that usually wears off before maturity, leaving the cones smooth.

Unusually for a pine, the cones normally point forward along the branch, sometimes curling around it. That is an easy way to tell it apart from the similar lodgepole pine in more western areas of North America. The cones on mature trees are serotinous. They open when exposed to intense heat, greater than or equal to 50 °C (122 °F). The typical case is in a fire, however cones on the lower branches can open when temperatures reach 27 °C (81 °F) due to the heat being reflected off the ground. Additionally, when temperatures reach −46 °C (−51 °F), the cones will open, due to the nature of the resin.^{[citation needed]}

Ecology

Kirtland's warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii), a formerly endangered bird, depends on pure stands of young jack pine in a very limited area in the north of the Lower and Upper Peninsulas of Michigan for breeding. Most known nesting areas are limited to Crawford, Oscoda, and Ogemaw counties.[9] Mature jack pine forests are usually open and blueberries are often abundant in the understory.

Young jack pines are an alternate host for sweet fern blister rust (Cronartium comptoniae). Infected sweet ferns (Comptonia peregrina) release powdery orange spores in the summer and nearby trees become infected in the fall. Diseased trees show vertical orange cankers on the trunk and galls on the lower branches. The disease does not tend to affect older trees.[10]

Jack pines are also susceptible to scleroderris canker (Gremmeniella abietina). This disease manifests by yellowing at the base of the needles. Prolonged exposure may lead to eventual death of the tree.[10]

Insects that attack jack pine stands include the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi), jack pine sawfly, and jack pine budworm.[10]

Fossil evidence shows the jack pine survived the glacial period in the Appalachain and Ozark mountains.[11]

Commercial uses

Like other species of pine, Pinus banksiana has use as timber, although its wood tends to be knotty and not highly resistant to decay. Products include pulpwood, fuel, decking, and utility poles.[7]

References

Bibliography

• Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus banksiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42346A2974230. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42346A2974230.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
• National Geographic Field Guide to Trees of North America.

External links

На других языках

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- [en] Jack pine

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[es] Pinus banksiana

Pinus banksiana, el pino de Banks[2] o pino de Labrador,[3] es un pino de Norteamérica que tiene su área nativa de desarrollo en Canadá en el este de las Montañas Rocosas desde los Territorios del Noroeste a Nueva Escocia, y en el noreste de los Estados Unidos desde Minnesota a Maine, con la parte más sureña de su distribución en el noroeste de Indiana. En las zonas más extremas en el oeste de su distribución, se híbrida a menudo con su pariente próximo, Pinus contorta. Los conos del pino de Banks tienen normalmente 5 cm y están curvados.

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[ru] Сосна Банкса

Сосна́ Ба́нкса (лат. Pinus banksiana) — вечнозелёное растение, дерево рода Сосна[1] семейства Сосновые. В естественных условиях растёт в северо-восточных районах Северной Америки.

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