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Iris × germanica is the accepted name for a species of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae commonly known as the bearded iris[2] or the German bearded iris.[3] It is one of a group of hybrid origin.[4]^: 87 Varieties include I. × g. var. florentina.

Iris × germanica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Iridaceae
Genus:	Iris
Subgenus:	Iris subg. Iris
Section:	Iris sect. Iris
Species:	I. × germanica
Binomial name
Iris × germanica L.
Synonyms[1]
List Iris × alba Savi Iris × amoena Redouté Iris × atroviolacea Lange Iris × australis Tod. Iris × belouinii Bois & Cornuault Iris × biliottii Foster Iris × buiana Prodan Iris × croatica Horvat & M.D.Horvat Iris × cypriana Foster & Baker Iris × deflexa Knowles & Westc. Iris × germanica var. gypsea Rodigas Iris × glauca Salisb. Iris × humei G.Don Iris × laciniata Berg Iris × latifolia Gilib. Iris × macrantha Simonet Iris × mesopotamica Dykes Iris × murorum Gaterau Iris × neglecta Hornem. Iris × nepalensis Wall. ex Lindl. Iris × nostras Garsault Iris × nyaradyana Prodan Iris × pallida Ten. Iris × redouteana Spach Iris × repanda Berg Iris × rothschildii Degen Iris × sambucina L. Iris × spectabilis Salisb. Iris × squalens L. Iris × superba Berg Iris × tardiflora Berg Iris × trojana A.Kern. ex Stapf Iris × varbossania K.Malý Iris × venusta J.Booth ex Berg Iris × violacea Savi Iris × vulgaris Pohl

Description

Iris × germanica grows up to 120 cm (47 in) high and 30 cm (12 in) wide.[5] The roots can go up to 10 cm (3.9 in) deep and it is a rhizomatous perennial that blooms mid to late spring. Hundreds of cultivars exist representing nearly every colour from jet black to sparkling whites and red.[6] Some cultivars are known to re-bloom in the autumn (fall).[7]

Biochemistry

It is known to produce the isoflavone irilone,[8] and several analytical studies have been made from the rhizomes.[9]

Genetics

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[10] It has had its chromosome counted several times; 2n=44, Banerji & Chaudhuri, 1972; 2n=28, Mao 1986; 2n=44 Sopova 1982; 2n=44, Váchová & Feráková, 1986 and 2n=44, Lovka, 1995.[11]

Taxonomy

It is most commonly known as 'bearded iris' and in the UK occasionally as 'common German flag'.[12]

It was first published and described as Iris germanica by Carl Linnaeus in his book 'Species Plantarum' on page 38 in 1753.[13][14][15] Although, Kew and many other authorities state that it is a hybrid, so is named as Iris × germanica, with the cross 'x' showing its hybrid status.[16][17]

It is a European hybrid, rather than a true wild species.[5] Iris × germanica is considered to have been a natural hybrid between Iris pallida and Iris variegata Linnaeus, both of which also have the chromosome number 2n = 24.[18]

Iris germanica is an accepted name by the RHS,[12] and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 8 May 1996. They also state it has unknown parentage.[14]

The named cultivars are most commonly sold in shops as Iris germanica,[19][7]

Distribution and habitat

Iris × germanica is thought to be originated in Mediterranean Europe.[14][12]

Range

It is widely naturalized across Europe.[11]

Cultivation

It prefers to grow in full sun, with well-drained soil. It normally retains some of its leaves over the winter period. After it has flowered and during dry conditions through the summer is best time to divide and transplant.[11]

Propagation

It can be propagated by seed and by division.[18]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris × germanica has many cultivars,[7] there are thought to be about 60,000 cultivars available.[20] These are a few known named cultivars:[11]

I. × germanica var. amas was one of the most important cultivars in the creation of the modern tetraploid tall-bearded Irises.[11]

In culture

In Iran and Kashmir,[21] Iris kashmiriana and Iris × germanica[22] are most commonly grown on Muslim[23] grave yards.[10][24][25]

It has frequently been painted including 'Irises' (see right) and 'Irises' both by Vincent van Gogh in 1890.[26]

Photo gallery

• 
  Clonal colony
• 
  Iris 'Fabian' hybridized by John Salter, 1868, UK

See also

• Orris root

References

Sources

• Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR) Cambridge University Press. Note: lists as Iris germanica L.
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. Note: lists as Iris germanica L.
• Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage Note: = species
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. Note: lists as Iris germanica L.
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Iris germanica L.
• Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants
• Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 25–28.
• Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
• Personal Care Products Council. INCI
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica. Note: lists as Iris germanica L.
• Stace, C. 1995. New flora of the British Isles. Note: natzd.
• Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq. Note: = Iris germanica L.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Iris germanica L.*
• Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China
• Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–2000. European garden flora

На других языках

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- [en] Iris × germanica

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[es] Iris germanica

Iris germanica es una especie de la familia Iridaceae, es la variedad de jardín más común de los iris barbados. Es una planta bulbosa perenne que se considera invasiva [cita requerida] por su facilidad de propagación. Crece en cualquier tipo de suelo.

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[ru] Ирис германский

Ирис германский (лат. Iris germanica) — типовой вид многолетних травянистых растений рода Ирис (Iris) семейства Ирисовые (Iridaceae)[2].

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