bio.wikisort.org - Plant

The Hundred-Horse Chestnut (Italian: Castagno dei Cento Cavalli; Sicilian: Castagnu dî Centu Cavaddi) is the largest and oldest known chestnut tree in the world.[1][2] Located on Linguaglossa road in Sant'Alfio, on the eastern slope of Mount Etna in Sicily[3] — only 8 km (5.0 mi) from the volcano's crater — it is generally believed to be 2,000 to 4,000 years old (4,000 according to botanist Bruno Peyronel from Turin).[4] It is a sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa, family Fagaceae). Guinness World Records has listed it for the record of "Greatest Tree Girth Ever", noting that it had a circumference of 57.9 m (190 ft) when it was measured in 1780. Above ground, the tree has since split into multiple large trunks, but below ground, these trunks still share the same roots.

The tree's name originated from a legend in which a queen of Aragon and her company of 100 knights, during a trip to Mount Etna, were caught in a severe thunderstorm. The entire company is said to have taken shelter under the tree.[3][5]

History

The tree is located in the wood of Carpineto, on the eastern slope of the Etna volcano, near zone D of the Etna park.

Several authors of botany agree on its age but not on its age:^{[clarification needed]} it would have been between two and four thousand years and, according to the thesis of the Turin botanist Bruno Peyronel, it could be the oldest tree in Europe and the largest in Italy (1982).[6][7]

The first historical information on the Chestnut of the Hundred Horses is documented as early as the sixteenth century. In 1611 Antonio Filoteo[8] spoke of it, while in 1636, in "Il Mongibello", Pietro Carrera majestically described the trunk and the tree "... capable of accommodating thirty horses inside".[9]

On 21 August 1745, a first act was issued by the "Court of the Order of the Royal Heritage of Sicily",[10] with which the Chestnut of the Hundred Horses and the nearby Chestnut Nave were institutionally protected. This document is configured, by virtue of the historical period (late eighteenth century), among the first acts - if not the first ever - of environmental protection produced in Sicily.[11]

Literary allusions

The tree and its legend have become the subject of various songs and poems, including the following Sicilian-language description by Catanese poet Giuseppe Borrello (1820–1894):

Un pedi di castagna tantu grossu ca ccu li rami so' forma un paracqua sutta di cui si riparò di l'acqua, di fùrmini, e saitti la riggina Giuvanna ccu centu cavaleri, quannu ppi visitari Mungibeddu vinni surprisa di lu timpurali. D'allura si chiamò st'àrvulu situatu 'ntra 'na valli lu gran castagnu d'i centu cavalli.[12]	A chestnut tree was so large that its branches formed an umbrella under which refuge was sought from the rain from thunder bolts and flashes of lightning by Queen Giuvanna with a hundred knights, when on her way to Mt Etna was taken by surprise by a fierce storm. From then on so was it named this tree nestled in a valley and its courses the great chestnut tree of one hundred horses.

Another poet from Catania in Sicily, Giuseppe Villaroel (1889–1965), described the tree in the following sonnet (written in Italian):

Dal tronco, enorme torre millenaria, i verdi rami in folli ondeggiamenti, sotto l'amplesso quèrulo dei venti, svettano ne l'ampiezza alta de l'aria. Urge la linfa, ne la statuaria perplessità de le radici ergenti, sotto i lacoontei contorcimenti, dal suolo che s'intesse d'orticaria. E l'albero - Briareo lignificato - ne lo spasimo atroce che lo stringe con catene invisibili alla terra, tende le braccia multiple di sfinge scagliando contro il cielo e contro il fato una muta minaccia ebbra di guerra.[12]

From the trunk, huge millenary tower, the green branches in mad waves, under the chattery embrace of the winds, lance into the air's tall expanse. The sap rises in the statuesque astonishment of erect roots, under Laocoön-like contortions, from a nettle-woven soil. And the tree – wooden Briareus – in the throes of the invisible fetters that bind it to the earth, strains its many limbs as a Sphinx hurling against the sky and against fate a voiceless threat sodden with war.

The 2018 novel The Overstory by American writer Richard Powers includes the line that: "Seven hundred years before, a chestnut in Sicily two hundred feet around sheltered a Spanish queen and her hundred mounted knights from a raging storm."

See also

• List of individual trees
• List of oldest trees

References

External links

• "Various illustrations of the tree throughout history". Archived from the original on May 9, 2006. Retrieved December 22, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

---