bio.wikisort.org - Plant

Glaucium flavum, the yellow horned poppy, yellow hornpoppy or sea poppy, is a summer flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is native to Europe, Northern Africa, Macaronesia and temperate zones in Western Asia. The plant grows on the seashore and is never found inland. All parts of the plant, including the seeds, are toxic. It is classed as a noxious weed in some areas of North America, where it is an introduced species. It is grown in gardens as a short-lived perennial but usually grown as a biennial.

Glaucium flavum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Papaveraceae
Genus:	Glaucium
Species:	G. flavum
Binomial name
Glaucium flavum Crantz
Synonyms[1]
Synonyms Chelidonium fulvum Poir. Chelidonium glaucium L. Chelidonium glaucum Hill Chelidonium littorale Salisb. Glaucium corniculatum var. braunianum Kuntze Glaucium corniculatum var. flavum (Crantz) Kuntze Glaucium corniculatum var. fulvum (Sm.) Kuntze Glaucium corniculatum f. grandiflorum Kuntze Glaucium corniculatum var. mauritanicum Kuntze Glaucium corniculatum f. sublobatum Kuntze Glaucium corniculatum var. tricolor (Godr.) Kuntze Glaucium fischeri Bernh. Glaucium flavum var. fulvum (Sm.) Fedde Glaucium flavum f. obtusilobum Fedde Glaucium flavum var. plenum Halácsy Glaucium flavum var. serpieri (Heldr.) Halácsy Glaucium flavum f. subleiocarpum Kuzmanov & Gegova Glaucium fulvum Sm. Glaucium glaucium (L.) H.Karst. [Invalid] Glaucium glaucum Moench Glaucium littorale Salisb. Glaucium luteum Crantz [Illegitimate] Glaucium luteum Scop. Glaucium luteum var. glabratum Willk. & Lange Glaucium luteum var. vestitum Willk. & Lange Glaucium maculatum Szov. Glaucium richardsonii Bernh. ex Fedde Glaucium serpieri Heldr.

Description

It has thick, leathery deeply segmented, wavy, bluish-grey leaves, which are coated in a layer of water-retaining wax. The sepal, petals and stamen have a similar structure and form to the red poppy (Papaver rhoeas), except the sepals are not hairy.[2] It grows up to 30–90 cm (1–3 ft) tall,[3] on branched, grey stems. It blooms in summer,[4] between June and October.[3][5] It has bright yellow or orange flowers,[4] that are 7.5 cm (3 in) across.[3] Later it produces a very long, upright,[4] thin,[3] distinctive horn shaped capsule, which is 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long. It is divided into two chambers,[2] which split open to reveal the seeds.[3]

Taxonomy

It was first published and described by Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz in 'Stirp. Austr. Fasc.' (Stirpium Austriarum) vol.2 on page 131 in 1763.[1][6] The species epithet flavum is Latin for yellow and indicates its flower colour.[7]

It is commonly known as sea-poppy,[8] horned-poppy, and yellow horned-poppy.[4][9]

G. flavum was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 25 May 1995, then updated on 9 May 2011,[9] and is an accepted name by the Royal Horticultural Society.[4]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate regions of North Africa, Europe and parts of Western Asia.[9][10]

Range

It is found in North Africa, within Macaronesia, Canary Islands, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia and Morocco. Within Western Asia it is found in the Caucasus, Georgia, Cyprus, Egypt (in the Sinai), Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. In eastern Europe, it is found within Ukraine. In middle Europe, it is in Belgium, Germany, Netherlands and Slovakia. In northern Europe, in Denmark, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom. In south-eastern Europe, within Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania and Slovenia. Also in southwestern Europe, it is found in France, Portugal and Spain.[9][11]

Habitat

It grows in coastal habitats on shingle banks and beaches,[5][11] but can also be found on cliff tops and in sand dunes.[3]

Toxicity

It produces an orange foul smelling sap, if cut open.[3] All parts of the plant, including the seeds, are toxic, and can cause a wide range of symptoms (if eaten),[3] and respiratory failure, resulting in death.[12]

Culture

It is referenced in various poems.

Shorter Poems Robert Bridges.[13]

Sea Poppies:

H.D.[14]

Uses

Glaucine is the main alkaloid component in Glaucium flavum.[15] Glaucine has bronchodilator and antiinflammatory effects, acting as a PDE₄ inhibitor and calcium channel blocker,[16] and is used medically as an antitussive in some countries.[17] Glaucine may produce side effects such as sedation, fatigue, and a hallucinogenic effect characterised by colourful visual images,[18][19] and as a recreational drug.[20] For a detailed bibliography on glaucine and Glaucium flavum see: National Agricultural Library.[21] (Glaucium flavum entry)

In the past, it was known in Hampshire, UK as 'squatmore', and the roots were used to treat bruises.[3] Also pains in the breast, stomach and intestines.[8]

References

Other sources

• Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
• Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas,
• Boulos, L. Flora of Egypt checklist. 1995 (L Egypt)
• Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning. 1998 (Cooper & Johnson ed2)
• Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965–1988 (F Turk)
• Farnsworth, N. R. & D. D. Soejarto Global importance of medicinal plants (unpublished draft manuscript rev. 23, 1988) (Import Medicinal Pl)
• Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2. 1991 (Glea Cron ed2)
• Greuter, W. et al., eds. Med-Checklist. 1984- (L Medit)
• Grey-Wilson, C. Poppies: The poppy family in the wild and in cultivation. 1993 (Poppies) 41.
• Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. (pers. comm.)
• Hansen, A. & P. Sunding Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 4. Sommerfeltia vol. 17. 1993 (L Macar ed4)
• Holm, L. et al. A geographical atlas of world weeds. 1979 (Atlas WWeed)
• Izquierdo Z., I. et al., eds. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres. 2004 (L Canarias)
• Janick, J. & J. Simon, eds. Advances in new crops. 1990 (Adv New Crops)
• Kartesz, J. T. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 1994 (L US Can ed2)
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. Flora SSSR. 1934–1964 (F USSR)
• Lazarides, M. & B. Hince CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia. 1993 (Econ Pl Aust)
• Mabberley, D. J. The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants, ed. 2. 1997 (Pl Book)
• Mouterde, P. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. 1966- (F Liban)
• Personal Care Products Council International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient (INCI)
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. Flora europaea, second edition. 1993 (F Eur ed2)
• Wiersema, J. H. & B. León World economic plants: a standard reference (on-line edition) [medicinal plants only]. (World Econ Pl Med)
• Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan Flora palaestina. 1966- (F Palest)

External links

Media related to Glaucium flavum at Wikimedia Commons

• Jepson Manual Treatment
• Photo gallery

На других языках

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- [en] Glaucium flavum

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[es] Glaucium flavum

Glaucium flavum (en latín, literalmente: glaucio amarillo) o también glaucio, adormidera marina, amapola loca, amapola marina es una planta de la familia Papaveraceae.

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[ru] Глауциум жёлтый

Глау́циум жёлтый[2], или Мачо́к жёлтый[3] (лат. Glaúcium flávum) — двулетнее травянистое растение, вид рода Глауциум (Glaucium) семейства Маковые (Papaveraceae).

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