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Erythroxylum coca is one of two species of cultivated coca.

Coca
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Erythroxylaceae
Genus: Erythroxylum
Species:
E. coca
Binomial name
Erythroxylum coca

Description


The coca plant resembles a blackthorn bush, and grows to a height of 2–3 m (7–10 ft). The branches are straight, and the leaves, which have a green tint, are thin, opaque, oval, and taper at the extremities. A marked characteristic of the leaf is an areolated portion bounded by two longitudinal curved lines, one line on each side of the midrib, and more conspicuous on the underside of the leaf.

The flowers are small, and disposed in little clusters on short stalks; the corolla is composed of five yellowish-white petals, the anthers are heart-shaped, and the pistil consists of three carpels united to form a three-chambered ovary. The flowers mature into red berries.

Unlike Erythroxylum novogranatense, Erythroxylum coca requires very acidic soil conditions. Soil acidity and water acidity need to be below pH 5.5, with the optimal value being pH 3.5, similar to that of Rhododendron potting soils. At pH 6.5 and above, chlorosis and leaf distortion occur.[1]

The leaves are sometimes eaten by the larvae of the moth Eloria noyesi.

Of the two cultivated species of coca, Erythroxylum coca has greater resistance to the use of glyphosate as an herbicide than Erythroxylum novogranatense.[2]


Taxonomy


Further information: Coca § Species and evolution

Among the genus Erythroxylum, cocaine-rich leaves are obtained from four taxa:


Amazonian coca


Erythroxylum coca var. ipadu, also known as Amazonian coca, is closely related to Erythroxylum coca var. coca, from which it originated relatively recently.[3] E. coca var. ipadu does not escape cultivation or survive as a feral or wild plant like E. coca var. coca [4] It has been suggested that due to a lack of genetic isolation to differentiate it from E. coca var. coca, E. coca var. ipadu may be better defined as a distinct cultivar than a taxonomic variety.[5]

Unlike the other species of coca which are propagated through seeds, E. coca var. ipadu, which rarely produce seeds, is propagated through stem cuttings which remain viable for several weeks if kept moist.[4] Since Amazonian coca is vegetatively propagated, entire plantations may be populated from the same clone. E. coca var. ipadu is specially adapted to the shifting agriculture of semi-nomadic Amazonian peoples. Since cuttings of E. coca var. coca do not easily root, it is likely that E. coca var. ipadu has been artificially selected for its ease of vegetative propagation.[4] In contrast to the Andean E. coca var. coca, Amazonian E. coca var. ipadu is typically a weaker plant evidenced by the fact that after a few years plants lose their vigor and easily fall prey to disease or insect infestation. Overharvesting can speed up this process.[6]

Amazonian coca is prepared differently than the other three cultivated cocas. After fire-toasting the leaves dry, they are pulverized. Once sifted, the powder is combined with ashes from plants which serve as the necessary alkaline admixture for coca chewing.[6]


See also



References



Citations


  1. Johnson, Emanuel L.; Campbell, T. Austin; Foy, Charles D. (November 1997). "Effect of soil pH on mineral element concentrations of two erythroxylum species". Journal of Plant Nutrition. 20 (11): 1503–1515. doi:10.1080/01904169709365352.
  2. Ferreira, Jorge F. S.; Smeda, Reid J.; Duke, Stephen O. (August 1997). "Control of Coca Plants (Erythroxylum coca and E. novogranatense) with Glyphosate". Weed Science. 45 (4): 551–556. doi:10.1017/S0043174500088809.
  3. Plowman T. "Botanical Perspectives on Coca." Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. 1979. 11(1-2): 103-117.
  4. Plowman T. "The Origin, Evolution, and Diffusion of Coca, Erythroxylum spp., in South and Central America." In: Stone D, ed. Pre-Columbian Plant Migration. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Harvard University. Vol 76. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press; 1984. p. 125-163.
  5. Bohm B, Ganders F, Plowman T. Biosystematics and Evolution of Cultivated Coca (Erythroxylaceae). Systematic Botany. 1982; 7(2): 121-133.
  6. Plowman T. Amazonian Coca. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1981. 3: 195 - 225.

Sources





На других языках

- [en] Erythroxylum coca

[es] Erythroxylum coca

Erythroxylum coca, de nombre común coca (en quechua: kuka), es una especie sudamericana de la familia de las eritroxiláceas, originaria de las escarpadas estribaciones de los Andes amazónicos.[1] Es una especie cultivada originaria de los Andes de Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Chile, Perú y zonas occidentales del noroeste de Argentina pero también crece de manera silvestre.[6]

[fr] Coca

Erythroxylum coca

[ru] Кокаиновый куст

Кокаи́новый куст, или Ко́ка (лат. Erythróxylum cóca, от кечуа kuka) — вид кустарниковых растений из рода Эритроксилум семейства Эритроксиловые (Erythroxylaceae). Родина — северо-запад Южной Америки. Кока играет существенную роль в культурных традициях населения Анд. Со второй половины XIX века кока приобрела широкую известность как сырьё для изготовления кокаина — наркотика из класса стимуляторов. Тогда же и для этих целей растение начали искусственно культивировать в Индии, на острове Ява, а также в Африке.


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