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Arugula (American English) or rocket (Standard English) (Eruca vesicaria; syns. Eruca sativa Mill., E. vesicaria subsp. sativa (Miller) Thell., Brassica eruca L.) is an edible annual plant in the family Brassicaceae used as a leaf vegetable for its fresh, tart, bitter, and peppery flavor. Other common names include garden rocket[1] (in Britain, Australia, South Africa, Ireland, and New Zealand),[2] and eruca.[2] It is also called "ruchetta", "rucola", "rucoli", "rugula", "colewort", and "roquette". Eruca sativa, which is widely popular as a salad vegetable, is a species of Eruca native to the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal in the west to Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt and Turkey in the east.[3][2][4]

Eruca vesicaria
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Brassicales
Family:	Brassicaceae
Genus:	Eruca
Species:	E. vesicaria
Binomial name
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.

It is sometimes conflated with Diplotaxis tenuifolia, known as "perennial wall rocket", another plant of the family Brassicaceae that is used in the same manner.

Description

Eruca vesicaria is an annual plant growing to 20 to 100 centimetres (8 to 40 inches) in height. The pinnate leaves are deeply lobed with four to ten small lateral lobes and a large terminal lobe. The flowers are 2 to 4 cm (3⁄4 to 1+1⁄2 in) in diameter, arranged in a corymb, with the typical Brassicaceae flower structure. The petals are creamy white with purple veins, and the stamens yellow. The fruit is a siliqua (pod) 12 to 25 mm (1⁄2 to 1 in) long with an apical beak, containing several seeds (which are edible). The species has a chromosome number of 2n = 22.[2][1][5]

Etymology

The Latin adjective sativa in the plant's binomial name is derived from satum, the supine of the verb sero, meaning "to sow", indicating that the seeds of the plant were sown in gardens. Eruca sativa differs from E. vesicaria in having early deciduous sepals.[1] Some botanists consider it a subspecies of Eruca vesicaria: E. vesicaria subsp. sativa.[1] Still others do not differentiate between the two.[6]

The English common name rocket derives from the Italian word Ruchetta or rucola, a diminutive of the Latin word eruca, which once designated a particular plant in the family Brassicaceae (probably a type of cabbage).[7] Arugula (/əˈruːɡələ/), the common name now widespread in the United States and Canada, entered American English from a nonstandard dialect of Italian. The standard Italian word is rucola. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first appearance of "arugula" in American English to a 1960 article in The New York Times by food editor and prolific cookbook writer Craig Claiborne.[8]

Synonyms[9]

Ecology

Eruca vesicaria typically grows on dry, disturbed ground. It is a source of food for the larvae of some moth species,[2][1] including the garden carpet, and its roots are susceptible to nematode infestation.[10]

Cultivation and history

A pungent, leafy green vegetable resembling a longer-leaved and open lettuce, Eruca vesicaria is rich in vitamin C and potassium.[11] In addition to the leaves, the flowers, young seed pods and mature seeds are all edible.

Grown as an edible and popular herb in Italy since Roman times, it was mentioned by various ancient Roman classical authors as an aphrodisiac,[12][13] most famously in a poem long ascribed to the famous 1st century Roman poet Virgil, Moretum, which contains the line: "et Venerem revocans eruca morantem" ("and the rocket, which revives drowsy Venus [sexual desire]"),[14] and in the Ars Amatoria of Ovid.[15] Some writers assert that for this reason during the Middle Ages it was forbidden to grow rocket in monasteries.[16] It was listed, however, in a decree by Charlemagne of 802 as one of the pot herbs suitable for growing in gardens.[17] Gillian Riley, author of the Oxford Companion to Italian Food, states that because of its reputation as a sexual stimulant, it was "prudently mixed with lettuce, which was the opposite" (i.e., calming or even soporific). Riley continues that "nowadays rocket is enjoyed innocently in mixed salads, to which it adds a pleasing pungency",[18] though Norman Douglas insisted that “Salad rocket is certainly a stimulant”.[19]

Rocket was traditionally collected in the wild or grown in home gardens along with such herbs as parsley and basil. It is now grown commercially in many places, and is available for purchase in supermarkets and farmers' markets throughout the world. It is also naturalized as a wild plant away from its native range in temperate regions around the world, including northern Europe and North America.[20][2] In India, the mature seeds are known as Gargeer. This is the same name in Arabic, جِرْجِير (jirjīr), but used in Arab countries for the fresh leaves.

Mild frost conditions hinder the plant's growth and turn the green leaves red.[21][22]

Uses

Since Roman times in Italy, raw rocket has been added to salads. It is often added to a pizza at the end of or just after baking. It is also used cooked in Apulia, in southern Italy, to make the pasta dish cavatiéddi, "in which large amounts of coarsely chopped rocket are added to pasta seasoned with a homemade reduced tomato sauce and pecorino",[23] as well as in "many unpretentious recipes in which it is added, chopped, to sauces and cooked dishes" or in a sauce (made by frying it in olive oil and garlic) used as a condiment for cold meats and fish.[23] Throughout Italy it is used as a salad with tomatoes, and with either burrata, bocconcini, buffalo and mozzarella cheese. In Rome, rucola is used in straccetti, a dish of thin slices of beef with raw rocket and Parmesan cheese.[24]

In Turkey, similarly, the rocket is eaten raw as a side dish or salad with fish, but is additionally served with a sauce of extra virgin olive oil and lemon juice.[25]

In Slovenia, rocket is often combined with boiled potatoes[26] or used in a soup.[27]

In West Asia, Pakistan and Northern India, Eruca seeds are pressed to make taramira oil, used in pickling and (after aging to remove acridity) as a salad or cooking oil.[28] The seed cake is also used as animal feed.[29]

Nutrition

Arugula, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	105 kJ (25 kcal)
Carbohydrates	3.6 g
Sugars	2.0 g
Dietary fiber	1.6 g
Fat	0.6 g
Protein	2.6 g
Vitamins	Quantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv. beta-Carotene lutein zeaxanthin	15% 119 μg 13% 1424 μg 3555 μg
Vitamin A	2373 IU
Thiamine (B1)	4% 0.044 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	7% 0.086 mg
Niacin (B3)	2% 0.305 mg
Vitamin B6	6% 0.073 mg
Folate (B9)	24% 97 μg
Vitamin C	18% 15 mg
Vitamin E	3% 0.43 mg
Vitamin K	103% 108.6 μg
Minerals	Quantity %DV†
Calcium	16% 160 mg
Copper	4% 0.076 mg
Iron	11% 1.46 mg
Magnesium	13% 47 mg
Manganese	15% 0.321 mg
Phosphorus	7% 52 mg
Potassium	8% 369 mg
Sodium	2% 27 mg
Zinc	5% 0.47 mg
Other constituents	Quantity
Water	91.7 g
Full Link to USDA database entry
Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central

Raw arugula is 92% water, 4% carbohydrates, 2.5% protein, and contains a negligible amount of fat. Although a 100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference serving provides only 105 kilojoules (25 kilocalories) of food energy, arugula has a high nutritional value, especially when fresh, frozen, steamed, or quickly boiled. It is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of folate and vitamin K. Arugula is also a good source (10–19% of DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, and the dietary minerals calcium, magnesium, and manganese.

References

External links

• Jeane Osnos, "The most political vegetables: A whirlwind tour of the edible crucifers", The Botanist in the Kitchen, November 20, 2012. How arugula joined broccoli (and lattes) as supposed markers for big-government liberalism.
• Joel Denker, "The 'Lascivious' Leaf: The Allure of Arugula", Food in the 'Hood (published August 11, 2012) Archived September 25, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, in The Intowner, Serving Washington, D. C. since 1968.
• Ezra Klein, "Arugula", The American Prospect, October 7, 2008.
• John Schwenkler, "Eating arugula has become a political act: Conservative thinker is branded a closet liberal based on the food he eats", Earth Matters, MNN (Mother Nature Network), March 2009. Mr. Schwenkler's article originally appeared in Plenty magazine in October 2008.
• David Kamp, The United States of Arugula: How We Became a Gourmet Nation, New York: Clarkson Potter (2006). Archived 2020-02-18 at the Wayback Machine

На других языках

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- [en] Eruca vesicaria

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[es] Eruca vesicaria

Eruca vesicaria, llamada comúnmente arúgula, oruga, ruca, rúcula o roqueta, es una planta anual, silvestre o cultivada, comestible, de la familia Brassicaceae (brasicáceas). Es originaria de la región del Mediterráneo. Se encuentra en el centro y este de España, el resto del sur de Europa, norte de África y oeste de Asia.

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