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Many of New Zealand's birds are endemic to the country, that is, they are not found in any other country. Endemic species differ from native or indigenous species in that native or indigenous species have generally and historically, migrated to a region or country and become established over a long period of time, whereas endemic species, have only ever inhabited the region or country where they were first discovered. Approximately 71% of the bird species breeding in New Zealand before humans arrived are widely accepted as being endemic.[1]
Population status symbols are those of the Red List published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[2] The symbols and their meanings, in increasing order of peril, are:
LC = least concern
NT = near threatened
VU = vulnerable
EN = endangered
CR = critically endangered
EX = extinct
Endemic bird areas
BirdLife International has defined the following Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) in New Zealand:
In addition the following are classified as secondary areas:
Secondary areas have at least one restricted-range bird species, but do not meet the criteria for EBAs.
List of species
The following is a list of bird species endemic to New Zealand in alphabetical order, along with their binomial name and conservation status:
North Island brown kiwi
Antipodes Island parakeet, Cyanoramphus unicolor VU
Antipodes snipe, Coenocorypha aucklandica meinertzhagenae
Auckland Island merganser, Mergus australis EX
Auckland Island shag, Leucocarbo colensoi VU
Auckland rail, Lewinia muelleri VU
Auckland teal, Anas aucklandica VU
Bellbird (korimako ), Anthornis melanura LC
Black robin, Petroica traversi EN
Black stilt (kakī ), Himantopus novaezelandiae CR
Black-billed gull (tarāpuka ), Chroicocephalus bulleri EN
Black fronted tern (tarapirohe ), Chlidonias albostriatus EN
Blue duck (whio ), Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos EN
Bounty Island shag, Leucocarbo ranfurlyi VU
Brown creeper (pipipi ), Mohoua novaeseelandiae LC
Brown teal (pāteke ), Anas chlorotis EN
Bushwren (mātuhituhi ), Xenicus longipes EX
Campbell Island shag, Leucocarbo campbelli VU
Campbell snipe, Coenocorypha aucklandica perseverance
Campbell teal, Anas nesiotis EN
Chatham Island bellbird, Anthornis melanocephala EX
Chatham Island fernbird, Megalurus rufescens EX
Chatham island oystercatcher (tōrea tai ), Haematopus chathamensis EN
Chatham Island pigeon (parea ), Hemiphaga chathamensis VU
Chatham Island rail, Cabalus modestus EX
Chatham Island shag, Leucocarbo onslowi CR
Chatham Island snipe, Coenocorypha pusilla VU
Chatham Island warbler (riroriro ), Gerygone albofrontata LC
Chatham parakeet (Forbes' parakeet), Cyanoramphus forbesi EN
Dieffenbach's rail (moeriki ), Gallirallus dieffenbachii EX
Fernbird (matata ), Megalurus punctatus LC
Fiordland crested penguin (tawaki ), Eudyptes pachyrhynchus VU
Foveaux shag (kawau ), Leucocarbo stewarti VU
Great spotted kiwi (roa ), Apteryx haastii VU
Grey warbler (riroriro ), Gerygone igata LC
Hawkin's rail (mehonui ), Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi EX
Hodgens' waterhen, Gallinula hodgenorum EX
Huia, Heteralocha acutirostris EX
New Zealand kaka, Nestor meridionalis EN
Kakapo, Strigops habroptilus CR
Kea, Nestor notabilis EN
King shag (kawau ), Leucocarbo carunculatus VU
Laughing owl (whēkau ), Sceloglaux albifacies EX
Little spotted kiwi (kiwi pukupuku ), Apteryx owenii NT
Long-tailed cuckoo (koekoea ), Urodynamis taitensis NT
Lyall's wren (Stephens Island wren), Traversia lyalli EX
Malherbe's parakeet (orange-fronted parakeet) (kākāriki karaka ), Cyanoramphus malherbi CR
New Zealand dotterel (tuturiwhatu ), Charadrius obscurus EN
New Zealand falcon (kārearea ), Falco novaeseelandiae NT
New Zealand fantail (pīwakawaka ), Rhipidura fuliginosa LC
New Zealand grebe (weweia ), Poliocephalus rufopectus VU
New Zealand bittern (kaoriki ), Ixobrychus novaezelandiae EX
New Zealand pigeon (kererū ), Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae NT
New Zealand scaup (pāpango ), Aythya novaeseelandiae LC
New Zealand quail (koreke ), Coturnix novaezelandiae EX
North Island brown kiwi, Apteryx mantelli EN
North Island kōkako, Callaeas wilsoni EN
North Island piopio, Turnagra tanagra EX
North Island robin (toutouwai ), Petroica longipes LC
North Island saddleback (tīeke ), Philesturnus rufusater NT
North Island snipe, Coenocorypha barrierensis EX
North Island takahē (mōho ), Porphyrio mantelli EX
Otago shag (kawau ), Leucocarbo chalconotus VU
Okarito brown kiwi (rowi ), Apteryx rowi CR
Paradise shelduck (pūtangitangi ), Tadorna variegata LC
Pipit (pihoihoi ), Anthus novaeseelandiae LC
Pitt shag, Phalacrocorax featherstoni EN
Rock wren (piwauwau ), Xenicus gilviventris VU
Red-billed gull (tarāpunga ), Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus LC
Red-fronted parakeet (kākāriki ), Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae VU
Reischek's parakeet, Cyanoramphus hochstetteri
Rifleman (titipounamu ), Acanthisitta chloris LC
Shore plover (tūturuatu ), Thinornis novaeseelandiae EN
Snares snipe (tutukiwi ), Coenocorypha huegeli NT
South Island kōkako, Callaeas cinereus CR
South Island pied oystercatcher (tōrea ), Haematopus finschi LC
South Island piopio, Turnagra capensis EX
South Island robin (toutouwai ), Petroica australis LC
South Island saddleback (tīeke ), Philesturnus carunculatus NT
South Island snipe (tutukiwi ), Coenocorypha iredalei) EX
South Island takahē (takahē ), Porphyrio hochstetteri VU
Southern brown kiwi (tokoeka ), Apteryx australis VU
Spotted shag (parekareka ), Phalacrocorax punctatus LC
Stitchbird (hihi ), Notiomystis cincta VU
Subantarctic snipe, Coenocorypha aucklandica LC
Tomtit (miromiro ), Petroica macrocephala LC
Tui, Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae LC
Variable oystercatcher (tōrea tai ), Haematopus unicolor LC
Weka, Gallirallus australis VU
Whitehead (pōpokatea ), Mohoua albicilla LC
Wrybill (ngutuparore ), Anarhynchus frontalis VU
Yellow-crowned parakeet (kākāriki ), Cyanoramphus auriceps NT
Yellow-eyed penguin (hoiho ), Megadyptes antipodes EN
Yellowhead (mōhua ), Mohoua ochrocephala EN
The following seabird species are endemic as breeders:
Southern royal albatross
Black petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni VU
Buller's albatross, Thalassarche bulleri NT
Buller's shearwater, Ardenna bulleri VU
Chatham petrel, Pterodroma axillaris VU
Cook's petrel, Pterodroma cookii VU
Erect-crested penguin, Eudyptes sclateri EN
Fiordland crested penguin, Eudyptes pachyrhynchus VU
Fluttering shearwater, Puffinus gavia LC
Grey-faced petrel, Pterodroma gouldi LC
Hutton's shearwater, Puffinus huttoni EN
Magenta petrel, Pterodroma magentae CR
Mottled petrel, Pterodroma inexpectata NT
Pycroft's petrel, Pterodroma pycrofti VU
Snares crested penguin, Eudyptes robustus VU
Southern royal albatross, Diomedea epomophora VU
Westland petrel (tāiko ), Procellaria westlandica VU
White-necked petrel, Pterodroma cervicalis VU
Yellow-eyed penguin (hoiho ), Megadyptes antipodes EN
Whenua Hou diving petrel, Pelecanoides whenuahouensis
See also
References
Endemism in birds
Palaearctic realm Afrotropical realm Indomalayan realm Australasian realm
Australia
New Zealand
New Caledonia
Oceanian realm Nearctic realm
Eastern North America
Western North America
Mexico and northern Central America
Neotropical realm
Galápagos Islands
West Indies
The World
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