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The Chilean devil ray (Mobula tarapacana), also known as the box ray, greater Guinean mobula, sicklefin devil ray or the spiny mobula, is a species of ray in the family Mobulidae.[1] It is often observed worldwide, basking just below the surface in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate oceans,[3] mainly offshore, and occasionally appearing near the coast.[1] It can reach a disc width of up to 3.7 m (12 ft).[4]

Chilean devil ray
Conservation status
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Order:	Myliobatiformes
Family:	Mobulidae
Genus:	Mobula
Species:	M. tarapacana
Binomial name
Mobula tarapacana (Philippi {Krumweide}, 1892)

Originally believed to be surface dwellers, Mobula tarapacana have been discovered to feed at depths of up to 1,896 metres (6,220 ft) during deep dives; they are among the deepest-diving ocean animals. Their dives often follow a stepwise pattern, in which the ray dives deeply, then works its way back up by repeatedly "levelling up" for a bit and then moving higher. Sonar observations suggest that rays level up where there are denser layers of prey, suggesting that this is a foraging behavior.[5][6][7]

Rays display two distinct deep-dive patterns. The stepwise dive pattern, which is usually only performed once every 24 hours, involves diving to the maximum depth and resurfacing after 60 to 90 minutes; a second pattern, which is less frequent, involves diving up to 1,000 meters for a maximum of 11 hours.[8] The latter pattern may be associated with traveling rather than feeding.[6]

The ray's behavior may be linked to an organ called the retia mirabilia, which is found in rays and in deep-diving great white sharks. A veined structure of blood vessels warms the ray's brain at colder depths. Rays stay near warmer surface water for at least an hour both before and after deep diving, suggesting that they are soaking up heat to prepare for and recover from their descent into colder water.[3][9][10]

References

На других языках

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- [en] Chilean devil ray

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[es] Mobula tarapacana

La manta cornuda (Mobula tarapacana), también conocida como rayo del diablo chileno, mobula mayor de Guinea o mobula espinosa, es una especie de raya de la familia Mobulidae. La manta cornuda es una de las más grandes del género Mobula, llegando a los 370 centímetros de hacho de disco. Se encuentra en todo el mundo en océanos tropicales, subtropicales y templados cálidos, pero principalmente en alta mar y de vez en cuando cerca de la costa. A pesar de su nombre, es una criatura solitaria (aunque se puede encontrar en grupos), inofensiva para los humanos y que se alimenta de plancton y pequeños peces. Puede alcanzar hasta 4 metros y pesar hasta 350 kilos.[2]

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[ru] Mobula tarapacana

Mobula tarapacana  (лат.)— вид хрящевых рыб рода мобул семейства орляковых скатов отряда хвостоколообразных надотряда скатов. Эти скаты обитают в умеренных и тропических водах всех океанов. Встречаются в прибрежной зоне и в открытом море на глубине до 30 м. Максимальная зарегистрированная ширина диска 328 см. Грудные плавники этих скатов срастаются с головой, образуя ромбовидный диск, ширина которого превосходит длину. Рыло массивное, плоское, передний край почти прямой с выемкой посередине. Часть грудных плавников преобразована в парные головные плавники. У основания хвоста расположен спинной плавник, шип на хвосте отсутствует. Окраска дорсальной поверхности диска оливково-коричневого цвета. Вдоль позвоночника пролегает выступающий гребень[1].

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